{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T01:18:16Z","timestamp":1790817496962,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,29]],"date-time":"2022-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656460800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","award":["JP22K08099"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP22K08099"]}]},{"name":"Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","award":["JP21K08126"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP21K08126"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The natriuretic peptide family consists of three biologically active peptides: ANP, BNP, and CNP. CNP is more widely expressed than the other two peptides, with significant levels in the central nervous system, osteochondral system, and vascular system. The receptor that is mainly targeted by CNP is GC-B, which differs from GC-A, the receptor targeted by ANP and BNP. Consequently, the actions of CNP differ somewhat from those of ANP and BNP. CNP knockout leads to severe dwarfism, and there has been important research into the role of CNP in the osteochondral system. As a result, a CNP analog is now available for clinical use in patients with achondroplasia. In the cardiovascular system, CNP and its downstream signaling are involved in the regulatory mechanisms underlying myocardial remodeling, cardiac function, vascular tone, angiogenesis, and fibrosis, among others. This review focuses on the roles of CNP in the cardiovascular system and considers its potential for clinical application in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology11070986","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,29]],"date-time":"2022-06-29T20:47:56Z","timestamp":1656535676000},"page":"986","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["CNP, the Third Natriuretic Peptide: Its Biology and Significance to the Cardiovascular System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Yasuaki","family":"Nakagawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin-Kawara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8595-3780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Toshio","family":"Nishikimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin-Kawara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Wakakusa Tatsuma Rehabilitation Hospital, 1580 Ooaza Tatsuma, Daito City 574-0012, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(83)91675-3","article-title":"The amino acid sequence of an atrial peptide with potent diuretic and natriuretic properties","volume":"117","author":"Flynn","year":"1983","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(84)91077-5","article-title":"Purification and complete amino acid sequence of alpha-human atrial natriuretic polypeptide (alpha-hANP)","volume":"118","author":"Kangawa","year":"1984","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1038\/332078a0","article-title":"A new natriuretic peptide in porcine brain","volume":"332","author":"Sudoh","year":"1988","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(90)92401-K","article-title":"C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP): A new member of natriuretic peptide family identified in porcine brain","volume":"168","author":"Sudoh","year":"1990","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-08-0130","article-title":"Effects of carperitide on the long-term prognosis of patients with acute decompensated chronic heart failure: The PROTECT multicenter randomized controlled study","volume":"72","author":"Hata","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circ. J."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2079","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-18-0057","article-title":"Effects of Carperitide on Degree of Pulmonary Congestion in Treatment of Acute Heart Failure","volume":"82","author":"Kawase","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circ. J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.13770","article-title":"Effect of carperitide on the 1 year prognosis of patients with acute decompensated heart failure","volume":"9","author":"Nogi","year":"2022","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehw128","article-title":"2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: The Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC","volume":"37","author":"Ponikowski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e137","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000509","article-title":"2017 ACC\/AHA\/HFSA Focused Update of the 2013 ACCF\/AHA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Failure Society of America","volume":"136","author":"Yancy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2021.04.023","article-title":"JCS\/JHFS 2021 Guideline Focused Update on Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure","volume":"27","author":"Tsutsui","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Card. Fail."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4016","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.071389098","article-title":"Dwarfism and early death in mice lacking C-type natriuretic peptide","volume":"98","author":"Chusho","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1813446","article-title":"C-Type Natriuretic Peptide Analogue Therapy in Children with Achondroplasia","volume":"381","author":"Savarirayan","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25847","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M301223200","article-title":"Furin-mediated processing of Pro-C-type natriuretic peptide","volume":"278","author":"Wu","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-5922.2010.00152.x","article-title":"Cardiac natriuretic peptides: From basic discovery to clinical practice","volume":"29","author":"Hayek","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Ther."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2012.12.003","article-title":"Urinary C-type natriuretic peptide: A new heart failure biomarker","volume":"1","author":"Zakeri","year":"2013","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2018.08.006","article-title":"Natriuretic peptides in human heart: Novel insight into their molecular forms, functions, and diagnostic use","volume":"111","author":"Matsuo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moyes, A.J., and Hobbs, A.J. (2019). C-type Natriuretic Peptide: A Multifaceted Paracrine Regulator in the Heart and Vasculature. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20092281"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/s007740200048","article-title":"Significance of C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) in endochondral ossification: Analysis of CNP knockout mice","volume":"20","author":"Komatsu","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Metab."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(90)80544-S","article-title":"Cloning and sequence analysis of a cDNA encoding a precursor for rat C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP)","volume":"276","author":"Kojima","year":"1990","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(91)91614-I","article-title":"Gene and precursor structures of human C-type natriuretic peptide","volume":"175","author":"Tawaragi","year":"1991","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00022.2015","article-title":"Molecular Physiology of Membrane Guanylyl Cyclase Receptors","volume":"96","author":"Kuhn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G974","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.2000.278.6.G974","article-title":"G(i-1)\/G(i-2)-dependent signaling by single-transmembrane natriuretic peptide clearance receptor","volume":"278","author":"Murthy","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2910083","article-title":"Hydrolysis of human and pig brain natriuretic peptides, urodilatin, C-type natriuretic peptide and some C-receptor ligands by endopeptidase-24.11","volume":"291","author":"Kenny","year":"1993","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2016.04.060","article-title":"A Test in Context: Neprilysin: Function, Inhibition, and Biomarker","volume":"68","author":"Barallat","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2011.06.014","article-title":"Expression of C-type natriuretic peptide and its receptor NPR-B in cardiomyocytes","volume":"32","author":"Cabiati","year":"2011","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2279","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2003-0128","article-title":"Gene expression, secretion, and autocrine action of C-type natriuretic peptide in cultured adult rat cardiac fibroblasts","volume":"144","author":"Horio","year":"2003","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardiores.2005.10.001","article-title":"The role of natriuretic peptides in cardioprotection","volume":"69","author":"Nishikimi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2131","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2003-1260","article-title":"Inhibitory effect of C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) on cultured cardiac myocyte hypertrophy: Interference between CNP and endothelin-1 signaling pathways","volume":"145","author":"Tokudome","year":"2004","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI118092","article-title":"Natriuretic peptides inhibit angiotensin II-induced proliferation of rat cardiac fibroblasts by blocking endothelin-1 gene expression","volume":"96","author":"Fujisaki","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.25.2.227","article-title":"Natriuretic peptides inhibit DNA synthesis in cardiac fibroblasts","volume":"25","author":"Cao","year":"1995","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"246058","article-title":"Chronic C-Type Natriuretic Peptide Infusion Attenuates Angiotensin II-Induced Myocardial Superoxide Production and Cardiac Remodeling","volume":"2012","author":"Izumiya","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Vasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2004.10.067","article-title":"C-type natriuretic peptide, a novel antifibrotic and antihypertrophic agent, prevents cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction","volume":"45","author":"Soeki","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2007.02.085","article-title":"CNP infusion attenuates cardiac dysfunction and inflammation in myocarditis","volume":"356","author":"Obata","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejheart.2007.02.006","article-title":"Cardiomyocyte-restricted over-expression of C-type natriuretic peptide prevents cardiac hypertrophy induced by myocardial infarction in mice","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4735","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0510019103","article-title":"Cardiac hypertrophy in transgenic rats expressing a dominant-negative mutant of the natriuretic peptide receptor B","volume":"103","author":"Langenickel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e139910","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.139910","article-title":"C-type natriuretic peptide moderates titin-based cardiomyocyte stiffness","volume":"5","author":"Michel","year":"2020","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1893","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-09-0254","article-title":"Characteristics and outcomes of hospitalized patients with heart failure and reduced vs preserved ejection fraction. Report from the Japanese Cardiac Registry of Heart Failure in Cardiology (JCARE-CARD)","volume":"73","author":"Hamaguchi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circ. J."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2240","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.14854","article-title":"Posttranslational modifications of titin from cardiac muscle: How, where, and what for?","volume":"286","author":"Koser","year":"2019","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.076075","article-title":"Low myocardial protein kinase G activity in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction","volume":"126","author":"Hamdani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1917","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvab245","article-title":"Natriuretic peptide receptor B maintains heart rate and sinoatrial node function via cyclic GMP-mediated signaling","volume":"118","author":"Dorey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(00)70419-7","article-title":"Differential role of cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase II in ion transport in murine small intestine and colon","volume":"118","author":"Vaandrager","year":"2000","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardiores.2004.07.004","article-title":"Left ventricular assist device support reverses altered cardiac expression and function of natriuretic peptides and receptors in end-stage heart failure","volume":"64","author":"Kuhn","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0336365100","article-title":"Release of C-type natriuretic peptide accounts for the biological activity of endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor","volume":"100","author":"Chauhan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23064","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.272.37.23064","article-title":"The guanylyl cyclase-deficient mouse defines differential pathways of natriuretic peptide signaling","volume":"272","author":"Lopez","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.116.08219","article-title":"Endothelium-Derived C-Type Natriuretic Peptide Contributes to Blood Pressure Regulation by Maintaining Endothelial Integrity","volume":"69","author":"Nakao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4039","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI74281","article-title":"Endothelial C-type natriuretic peptide maintains vascular homeostasis","volume":"124","author":"Moyes","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.033383","article-title":"Endothelial C-Type Natriuretic Peptide Acts on Pericytes to Regulate Microcirculatory Flow and Blood Pressure","volume":"138","author":"Spiranec","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/hvac005","article-title":"Circulating Concentrations of C-Type Natriuretic Peptides Increase with Sacubitril\/Valsartan Treatment in Healthy Young Men","volume":"68","author":"Thonsgaard","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61966-8","article-title":"Blood-pressure reduction with LCZ696, a novel dual-acting inhibitor of the angiotensin II receptor and neprilysin: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, active comparator study","volume":"375","author":"Ruilope","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3404","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0538059100","article-title":"Significance and therapeutic potential of the natriuretic peptides\/cGMP\/cGMP-dependent protein kinase pathway in vascular regeneration","volume":"100","author":"Yamahara","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1612","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.036344","article-title":"Endothelial C-Type Natriuretic Peptide Is a Critical Regulator of Angiogenesis and Vascular Remodeling","volume":"139","author":"Bubb","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.20793","article-title":"BNP-induced activation of cGMP in human cardiac fibroblasts: Interactions with fibronectin and natriuretic peptide receptors","volume":"209","author":"Huntley","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.110.160796","article-title":"The aging heart, myocardial fibrosis, and its relationship to circulating C-type natriuretic Peptide","volume":"57","author":"Sangaralingham","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L1172","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00087.2004","article-title":"C-type natriuretic peptide attenuates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice","volume":"287","author":"Murakami","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.71.1.9","article-title":"Expression of A-, B-, and C-type natriuretic peptide genes in failing and developing human ventricles. Correlation with expression of the Ca(2+)-ATPase gene","volume":"71","author":"Takahashi","year":"1992","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.88.3.1004","article-title":"Natriuretic peptide system in human heart failure","volume":"88","author":"Wei","year":"1993","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2007.096172","article-title":"Mismeasure of C-type natriuretic peptide","volume":"54","author":"Nielsen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.49.12.1247","article-title":"C-type natriuretic peptide levels in cor pulmonale and in congestive heart failure","volume":"49","author":"Cargill","year":"1994","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1994.1166","article-title":"Detection of C-type natriuretic peptide in human circulation and marked increase of plasma CNP level in septic shock patients","volume":"198","author":"Hama","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.2001.5419","article-title":"Identification of amino-terminal pro-C-type natriuretic peptide in human plasma","volume":"286","author":"Prickett","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000105623.04382.C0","article-title":"Amino-terminal pro-C-type natriuretic peptide in heart failure","volume":"43","author":"Wright","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000047280.15244.EB","article-title":"Myocardial production of C-type natriuretic peptide in chronic heart failure","volume":"107","author":"Kalra","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2173","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2005.053488","article-title":"Measurement of pro-C-type natriuretic peptide in plasma","volume":"51","author":"Nielsen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.2459\/01.JCM.0000228688.94709.5a","article-title":"Cardiac production of C-type natriuretic peptide in heart failure","volume":"7","author":"Maltinti","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2005.06.019","article-title":"Regional sampling and the effects of experimental heart failure in sheep: Differential responses in A, B and C-type natriuretic peptides","volume":"27","author":"Charles","year":"2006","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.24.5.600","article-title":"Clinical studies on the sites of production and clearance of circulating adrenomedullin in human subjects","volume":"24","author":"Nishikimi","year":"1994","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(95)00338-X","article-title":"Increased plasma levels of adrenomedullin in patients with heart failure","volume":"26","author":"Nishikimi","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI115933","article-title":"Endothelial production of C-type natriuretic peptide and its marked augmentation by transforming growth factor-beta. Possible existence of \u201cvascular natriuretic peptide system\u201d","volume":"90","author":"Suga","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.139.3.5789","article-title":"Regulation of adrenomedullin production in rat endothelial cells","volume":"139","author":"Isumi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.308030","article-title":"Chronic Heart Failure and Inflammation: What Do We Really Know?","volume":"119","author":"Dick","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2007.10.022","article-title":"C-type natriuretic peptide and its relation to non-invasive indices of left ventricular function in patients with chronic heart failure","volume":"29","author":"Maltinti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2007.03.002","article-title":"Increased levels of C-type natriuretic peptide in patients with idiopathic left ventricular dysfunction","volume":"28","author":"Giannessi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.regpep.2010.08.004","article-title":"Comparison of NT-proCNP and CNP plasma levels in heart failure, diabetes and cirrhosis patients","volume":"166","author":"Cabiati","year":"2011","journal-title":"Regul. Pept."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1097\/HJR.0b013e3282f10e9b","article-title":"C-type natriuretic peptide expression in patients with chronic heart failure: Effects of aerobic training","volume":"15","author":"Passino","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cardiovasc. Prev. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.140","article-title":"Prognostic value of N-terminal pro C-type natriuretic peptide in heart failure patients with preserved and reduced ejection fraction","volume":"16","author":"Lok","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.12.063","article-title":"Effect of Neprilysin Inhibition on Various Natriuretic Peptide Assays","volume":"73","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz093","article-title":"C-type natriuretic peptide co-ordinates cardiac structure and function","volume":"41","author":"Moyes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2361","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2000348","article-title":"Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension","volume":"385","author":"Hassoun","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1975","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1988.65.5.1975","article-title":"Atrial natriuretic factor attenuates the pulmonary pressor response to hypoxia","volume":"65","author":"Adnot","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol. (1985)"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1612","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1989.67.4.1612","article-title":"Does atrial natriuretic factor protect against right ventricular overload? II. Tissue binding","volume":"67","author":"Ou","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol. (1985)"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI114400","article-title":"Atrial natriuretic peptide attenuates the development of pulmonary hypertension in rats adapted to chronic hypoxia","volume":"85","author":"Jin","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.70.1.184","article-title":"Pulmonary vasodilatory action of endogenous atrial natriuretic factor in rats with hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. Effects of monoclonal atrial natriuretic factor antibody","volume":"70","author":"Raffestin","year":"1992","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"L308","article-title":"Brain natriuretic peptide: Possible role in the modulation of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension","volume":"266","author":"Hill","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1646","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1998.84.5.1646","article-title":"Brain natriuretic peptide inhibits hypoxic pulmonary hypertension in rats","volume":"84","author":"Klinger","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol. (1985)"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.99.5.605","article-title":"NPR-A-Deficient mice show increased susceptibility to hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension","volume":"99","author":"Zhao","year":"1999","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"L645","article-title":"C-type natriuretic peptide expression and pulmonary vasodilation in hypoxia-adapted rats","volume":"275","author":"Klinger","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200404-455OC","article-title":"C-type natriuretic peptide ameliorates monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension in rats","volume":"170","author":"Itoh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2011.07.009","article-title":"C-type natriuretic peptide does not attenuate the development of pulmonary hypertension caused by hypoxia and VEGF receptor blockade","volume":"89","author":"Casserly","year":"2011","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16044","DOI":"10.1038\/mtm.2016.44","article-title":"Constitutively active form of natriuretic peptide receptor 2 ameliorates experimental pulmonary arterial hypertension","volume":"3","author":"Nawa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. Methods Clin. Dev."}],"container-title":["Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-7737\/11\/7\/986\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:40:26Z","timestamp":1760139626000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-7737\/11\/7\/986"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,29]]},"references-count":89,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["biology11070986"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biology11070986","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-7737"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-7737","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,29]]}}}