{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T11:03:20Z","timestamp":1762254200831,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,27]],"date-time":"2022-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658880000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda","award":["1958 y FORDECYT-PRONACES\/840310\/2020","SECTEI\/235\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1958 y FORDECYT-PRONACES\/840310\/2020","SECTEI\/235\/2019"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010567","name":"SECTEI (Secretar\u00eda de Ciencia Tecnolog\u00eda e Innovaci\u00f3n de la Ciudad de Mexico)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1958 y FORDECYT-PRONACES\/840310\/2020","SECTEI\/235\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1958 y FORDECYT-PRONACES\/840310\/2020","SECTEI\/235\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010567","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: Epidemiological studies have identified associations between fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ozone exposure with cardiovascular disease; however, studies linking ambient air pollution and premature coronary artery disease (pCAD) in Latin America are non-existing. (2) Methods: Our study was a case\u2013control analysis nested in the Genetics of Atherosclerotic Disease (GEA) Mexican study. We included 1615 participants (869 controls and 746 patients with pCAD), recruited at the Instituto Nacional de Cardiolog\u00eda Ignacio Ch\u00e1vez from June 2008 to January 2013. We defined pCAD as history of myocardial infarction, angioplasty, revascularization surgery or coronary stenosis &gt; 50% diagnosed before age 55 in men and age 65 in women. Controls were healthy individuals without personal or family history of pCAD and with coronary artery calcification equal to zero. Hourly measurements of ozone and PM2.5 from the Atmospheric Monitoring System in Mexico City (SIMAT in Spanish; Sistema de Monitero Atmosf\u00e9rico de la Ciudad de M\u00e9xico) were used to calculate annual exposure to ozone and PM2.5 in the study participants. (3) Results: Each ppb increase in ozone at 1-year, 2-year, 3-year and 5-year averages was significantly associated with increased odds (OR = 1.10; 95% CI: 1.03\u20131.18; OR = 1.17; 95% CI: 1.05\u20131.30; OR = 1.18; 95% CI: 1.05\u20131.33, and OR = 1.13; 95% CI: 1.04\u20131.23, respectively) of pCAD. We observed higher risk of pCAD for each 5 \u00b5g\/m3 increase only for the 5-year average of PM2.5 exposure (OR = 2.75; 95% CI: 1.47\u20135.16), compared to controls. (4) Conclusions: Ozone exposure at different time points and PM2.5 exposure at 5 years were associated with increased odds of pCAD. Our results highlight the importance of reducing long-term exposure to ambient air pollution levels to reduce the burden of cardiovascular disease in Mexico City and other metropolitan areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology11081122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,27]],"date-time":"2022-07-27T21:11:05Z","timestamp":1658956265000},"page":"1122","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Long-Term Exposure to Ozone and Fine Particulate Matter and Risk of Premature Coronary Artery Disease: Results from Genetics of Atherosclerotic Disease Mexican Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8467-3488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosalinda","family":"Posadas-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Cardiolog\u00eda Ignacio Ch\u00e1vez, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7916-5163","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gilberto","family":"Vargas-Alarc\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Cardiolog\u00eda Ignacio Ch\u00e1vez, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2284-3298","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andres","family":"Cardenas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4507-9237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Luis","family":"Texcalac-Sangrador","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica, Cuernavaca 62100, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Citlalli","family":"Osorio-Y\u00e1\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Medicina Gen\u00f3mica y Toxicolog\u00eda Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biom\u00e9dicas, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"},{"name":"Laboratorio de Fisiolog\u00eda Cardiovascular y Trasplante Renal, Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n en Medicina Traslacional, Instituto de Investigaciones Biom\u00e9dicas, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico and Instituto Nacional de Cardiolog\u00eda Ignacio Ch\u00e1vez, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8354-1157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Sanchez-Guerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda, Mexico City 11000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.11.010","article-title":"Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risk Factors, 1990\u20132019: Update From the GBD 2019 Study","volume":"76","author":"Roth","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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