{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T00:01:02Z","timestamp":1792713662108,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,30]],"date-time":"2022-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659139200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003009","name":"Science and Technology Development Fund (STDF), Egypt","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["30102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["30102"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003009","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003009","name":"Science and Technology Development Fund (STDF), Egypt","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RSP2022R505"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSP2022R505"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003009","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002383","name":"Researchers Supporting Project, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["30102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["30102"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002383","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002383","name":"Researchers Supporting Project, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RSP2022R505"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSP2022R505"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002383","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The use of microbial products as natural biocontrol agents to increase a plant\u2019s systemic resistance to viral infections is a promising way to make agriculture more sustainable and less harmful to the environment. The rhizobacterium Paenibacillus polymyxa has been shown to have strong biocontrol action against plant diseases, but its antiviral activity has been little investigated. Here, the efficiency of the culture filtrate of the P. polymyxa strain SZYM (Acc# ON149452) to protect squash (Cucurbita pepo L.) plants against a Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV, Acc# ON159933) infection was evaluated. Under greenhouse conditions, the foliar application of the culture filtrate of SZYM either in protective or curative treatment conditions enhanced squash growth, reduced disease severity, and decreased ZYMV accumulation levels in the treated plants when compared to the non-treated plants. The protective treatment group exhibited the highest inhibitory effect (80%), with significant increases in their total soluble carbohydrates, total soluble protein content, ascorbic acid content, and free radical scavenging activity. Furthermore, a considerable increase in the activities of reactive oxygen species scavenging enzymes (superoxide dismutase, polyphenol oxidase, and peroxidase) were also found. In addition, the induction of systemic resistance with a significant elevation in the transcriptional levels of polyphenolic pathway genes (CHS, PAL, and C3H) and pathogenesis-related genes (PR-1 and PR-3) was observed. Out of the 14 detected compounds in the GC\u2013MS analysis, propanoic acid, benzenedicarboxylic acid, tetradecanoic acid, and their derivatives, as well as pyrrolo [1,2-a] pyrazine-1,4-dione, hexahydro-3-(2-methylpropyl) were the primary ingredient compounds in the ethyl acetate extract of the SZYM-culture filtrate. Such compounds may act as elicitor molecules that induce systemic resistance against viral infection. Consequently, P. polymyxa can be considered a powerful plant growth-promoting bacterium (PGPB) in agricultural applications as well as a source of bioactive compounds for sustainable disease management. As far as we know, this is the first time that P. polymyxa has been shown to fight viruses in plants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology11081150","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,31]],"date-time":"2022-07-31T21:49:02Z","timestamp":1659304142000},"page":"1150","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Protective and Curative Activities of Paenibacillus polymyxa against Zucchini yellow mosaic virus Infestation in Squash Plants"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8078-3265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Abdelkhalek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Protection and Biomolecular Diagnosis Department, ALCRI, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, New Borg El-Arab City, Alexandria 21934, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulaziz A.","family":"Al-Askar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2211-7907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Toufic","family":"Elbeaino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Agronomico Mediterraneo di Bari (CIHEAM-IAMB), Via Ceglie 9, Valenzano, 70010 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hassan","family":"Moawad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agriculture Microbiology Department, National Research Centre, Cairo 12622, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamada","family":"El-Gendi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioprocess Development Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, New Borg El-Arab City, Alexandria 21934, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Novello, G., Cesaro, P., Bona, E., Massa, N., Gosetti, F., Scarafoni, A., Todeschini, V., Berta, G., Lingua, G., and Gamalero, E. 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