{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T02:55:45Z","timestamp":1793501745626,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,30]],"date-time":"2022-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664496000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Research in maxillary sinus floor augmentation (MSFA) focussed on the optimisation of microstructural parameters such as microporosity and particle size of bone substitute particles (BS). However, little is known about the impact of BS packing and the corresponding (void) interparticular space on bone regeneration. The aim of this study was to characterise the spatial distribution of BS and its association with BS integration 6 \u00b1 1 months after MSFA. Histological thin-ground sections of 70 human sinus biopsies were histomorphometrically analysed: In serial zones of 100 \u00b5m proceeding from the sinus floor (SF) up to the apical end of the biopsy, we measured the distribution of BS particles within these zones in terms of volume (BSV\/TV), number and size of BS particles, interparticle spacing (BS.Sp) and bone-to-BS contact. BS particles were not homogeneously distributed over the length of biopsies: The first 200 \u00b5m directly adjacent to the SF represented a zone poor in BS particles but with high osteogenic potential. Graft packing density increased from the SF towards the apical part of the AA. Integration of BS particles was inversely associated with the distance to the SF and the graft packing density. A high packing density through excessive compaction of BS particles should be avoided to optimise the macrostructural environment for bone regeneration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology11101431","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,8]],"date-time":"2022-10-08T00:07:43Z","timestamp":1665187663000},"page":"1431","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Bone Graft Packing and Its Association with Bone Regeneration in Maxillary Sinus Floor Augmentations: Histomorphometric Analysis of Human Biopsies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8835-369X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karoline Maria","family":"Reich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Karl Donath Laboratory for Hard Tissue and Biomaterial Research, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1662-2926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florian","family":"Beck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Oral Surgery, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2499-325X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick","family":"Heimel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Karl Donath Laboratory for Hard Tissue and Biomaterial Research, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The Research Center in Cooperation with AUVA, 1200 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6769-202X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Lettner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Karl Donath Laboratory for Hard Tissue and Biomaterial Research, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1654-462X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heinz","family":"Redl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The Research Center in Cooperation with AUVA, 1200 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2396-8773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Ulm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Oral Surgery, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9023-4745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Tangl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Karl Donath Laboratory for Hard Tissue and Biomaterial Research, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"e3","article-title":"Maxillary Sinus Floor Augmentation: A Review of Selected Treatment Modalities","volume":"8","author":"Jensen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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