{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T17:54:37Z","timestamp":1789062877020,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]],"date-time":"2022-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665705600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Korea Environmental Industry and Technology Institute","award":["KEITI 2021002270001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KEITI 2021002270001"]}]},{"name":"the Korea Environmental Industry and Technology Institute","award":["QN2021014013L"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QN2021014013L"]}]},{"name":"the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People\u2019s Republic of China","award":["KEITI 2021002270001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KEITI 2021002270001"]}]},{"name":"the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People\u2019s Republic of China","award":["QN2021014013L"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QN2021014013L"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although thermal tolerance along geographical gradients gives an insight into species\u2019 response to climate change, current studies on thermal tolerance are strongly skewed towards global-scale patterns. As a result, intraspecific variations are often assumed to be constant, despite a lack of evidence. To understand population-specific responses to thermal stress, we investigated the presence of intraspecific variations in the critical thermal maximum (CTmax) of tadpoles in two anuran species, Rana uenoi and Bufo sachalinensis. The study was conducted across a five-degree latitudinal gradient in the Republic of Korea. We exposed the tadpoles to increasing temperatures and recorded the CTmax for 270 R. uenoi individuals from 11 sites, collected in rice paddies, and for 240 B. sachalinensis individuals from ten sites, collected in reservoirs. We also recorded the swimming performance and behavior of the tadpoles when placed in an experimental apparatus during CTmax measurements. We then used linear regressions to determine the relationship between abiotic factors and CTmax. In R. uenoi, we found a positive relationship between latitude and CTmax, but the tadpoles did not display specific thermoregulatory behaviors. In B. sachalinensis, none of the abiotic factors such as climate and geographic coordinates were related to CTmax, but we detected a tendency to swim close to the water surface when water temperature was increasing. For R. uenoi, we tentatively relate the CTmax variability across the latitudinal gradient to a physiological adaptive response associated with habitat characteristics that are assumed to be fluctuating, as the species inhabits small water bodies prone to drying out. In the case of B. sachalinensis, the behavior observed may be linked to oxygen depletion and thermoregulation, as it may buffer temperature changes in the absence of physiological adjustment. These findings suggest that intra-specific variations in CTmax are greater than generally accounted for, and thermal conditions of natural environments are important for understanding thermal tolerance in ectothermic species. Our results highlight that species\u2019 specific responses to climate warmings need to be studied to better protect species against climate change.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology11101506","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,16]],"date-time":"2022-10-16T21:10:10Z","timestamp":1665954610000},"page":"1506","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Latitude-Induced and Behaviorally Thermoregulated Variations in Upper Thermal Tolerance of Two Anuran Species"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4527-8877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ye Inn","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Environment Institute, Sejong 30147, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7328-2577","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ming-Feng","family":"Chuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1093-677X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ama\u00ebl","family":"Borz\u00e9e","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Behaviour and Conservation, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sera","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Program of EcoCreative, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yikweon","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Program of EcoCreative, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2012.0036","article-title":"Determining environmental causes of biological effects: The need for a mechanistic physiological dimension in conservation biology","volume":"367","author":"Seebacher","year":"2012","journal-title":"Philos. 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