{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,22]],"date-time":"2026-02-22T14:11:05Z","timestamp":1771769465778,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":123,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,7]],"date-time":"2022-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667779200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Innate and adaptive immune system cells play a critical role in the host response to sepsis. Sepsis is a life-threatening disease characterized by apoptosis-induced depletion of immune cells and immunodepression, which contribute to morbidity and mortality. Many alterations in the expression of surface markers of neutrophils and monocytes have been described in septic patients. The aim of this study was to inspect the recently published literature to inform the clinician about the most up-to-date techniques for the study of circulating leukocytes. The impact on cell phenotypes and on the function of leukocytes of extracorporeal and non-blood purification treatments proposed for sepsis were also analyzed. We conducted a systematic review using Pubmed\/Medline, Ovid\/Willey, the Cochrane Library, the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, and EMBASE, combining key terms related to immunological function in sepsis and selected the most relevant clinical trials and review articles (excluding case reports) published in the last 50 years. The most important alteration in neutrophils during sepsis is that they activate an anti-apoptotic survival program. In septic monocytes, a reduced characteristic expression of HLA-DR is observed, but their role does not seem to be significantly altered in sepsis. As regards adaptive immunity, sepsis leads to lymphopenia and immunosuppression in patients with septic shock; this process involves all types of T cells (CD4, CD8 and Natural Killer), except for regulatory T cells, which retain their function. Several promising therapies that target the host immune response are currently under evaluation. During the worldwide pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2, it was useful to study the \u201ccytokine storm\u201d to find additional treatments, such as the oXiris\u00ae filter. This therapy can decrease the concentration of inflammatory markers that affect the severity of the disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology11111626","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]],"date-time":"2022-11-08T11:46:43Z","timestamp":1667908003000},"page":"1626","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Cellular Immuno-Profile in Septic Human Host: A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Christian","family":"Zanza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Foundation \u201cOspedale Alba e Bra\u201d, Department of Emergency Medicine, Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Michele and Pietro Ferrero Hospital, 12060 Verduno, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Policlinico Gemelli-RCCS-Catholic University of Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, St. Antonio and Biagio Hospital, 15121 Alessandria, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giorgia","family":"Caputo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, St. Antonio and Biagio Hospital, 15121 Alessandria, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7947-4572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gilda","family":"Tornatore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, University of Milan-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tatsiana","family":"Romenskaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, St. Antonio and Biagio Hospital, 15121 Alessandria, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5703-8737","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Piccioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Policlinico Gemelli-RCCS-Catholic University of Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Franceschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Policlinico Gemelli-RCCS-Catholic University of Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8786-7007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Artico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sensory Organs, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samanta","family":"Taurone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences\u2014Division of Health Sciences, University of Rome \u201cForo Italico\u201d, 00135 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8679-5435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriele","family":"Savioli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Polyclinic IRCCS S. Matteo, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8831-1361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yaroslava","family":"Longhitano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Foundation \u201cOspedale Alba e Bra\u201d, Department of Emergency Medicine, Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Michele and Pietro Ferrero Hospital, 12060 Verduno, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, St. Antonio and Biagio Hospital, 15121 Alessandria, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-012-2769-8","article-title":"The Surviving Sepsis Campaign Guidelines Committee including The Pediatric Subgroup*Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International Guidelines for Management of Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock, 2012","volume":"39","author":"Mitchell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.0287","article-title":"The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3)","volume":"315","author":"Singer","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(14)70061-X","article-title":"Assessment of the worldwide burden of critical illness: The intensive care over nations (ICON) audit","volume":"2","author":"Vincent","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. 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