{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T14:45:04Z","timestamp":1791297904416,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]],"date-time":"2022-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667865600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"FAPESP","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021\/05059-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021\/05059-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"FAPESP","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018\/24069-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018\/24069-3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"FAPESP","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20\/07997-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20\/07997-4"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"FAPESP","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["313028-2018-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["313028-2018-4"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"CNPq","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021\/05059-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021\/05059-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"CNPq","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018\/24069-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018\/24069-3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"CNPq","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20\/07997-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20\/07997-4"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"CNPq","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["313028-2018-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["313028-2018-4"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Molecular information has been gathered from fossilized dental enamel, the best-preserved tissue of vertebrates. However, the association of morphological features with the possible mineral and organic information of this tissue is still poorly understood in the context of the emerging area of paleoproteomics. This study aims to compare the morphological features and chemical composition of dental enamel of extinct and extant terrestrial vertebrates of Crocodylia: Purussaurus sp. (extinct) and Melanosuchus niger (extant), and Rodentia: Neoepiblema sp. (extinct) and Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris (extant). To obtain structural and chemical data, superficial and internal enamel were analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). Organic, mineral, and water content were obtained using polarizing microscopy and microradiography on ground sections of four teeth, resulting in a higher organic volume than previously expected (up to 49%). It is observed that both modern and fossil tooth enamel exhibit the same major constituents: 36.7% Ca, 17.2% P, and 41% O, characteristic of hydroxyapatite. Additionally, 27 other elements were measured from superficial enamel by inductively coupled mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Zinc was the most abundant microelement detected, followed by Pb, Fe, Mg, and Al. Morphological features observed include enamel rods in the rodent teeth, while incremental lines and semiprismatic enamel were observed in the alligator species. The fossil enamel was in an excellent state for microscopic analyses. Results show that all major dental enamel\u2019s physical, chemical, and morphological features are present both in extant and extinct fossil tooth enamel (&gt;8.5 Ma) in both taxa.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology11111636","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,9]],"date-time":"2022-11-09T02:34:52Z","timestamp":1667961292000},"page":"1636","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Structure and Chemical Composition of ca. 10-Million-Year-Old (Late Miocene of Western Amazon) and Present-Day Teeth of Related Species"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Caroline","family":"Pessoa-Lima","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic and Oral Biology, FORP, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Caf\u00e9, Ribeirao Preto 14040904, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0590-3746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonas","family":"Tostes-Figueiredo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic and Oral Biology, FORP, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Caf\u00e9, Ribeirao Preto 14040904, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9114-7977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Macedo-Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic and Oral Biology, FORP, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Caf\u00e9, Ribeirao Preto 14040904, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annie Schmaltz","family":"Hsiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Paleontology, Department of Biology, FFCLRP, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14040900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fellipe Pereira","family":"Muniz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Paleontology, Department of Biology, FFCLRP, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14040900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Augusto","family":"Maulin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Biopathogenic Agents, FMRP, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14040900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vin\u00edcius H.","family":"Franceschini-Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, FFCLRP, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14040900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9158-8342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frederico Barbosa","family":"de Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament of Morfology, CCS, Universidade Federal da Paraiba, Cidade Universitaria, Joao Pessoa 58051900, PB, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2498-0619","authenticated-orcid":false,"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Fernando","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Toxicology and Essentiality of Metals, FCFRP, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14040900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6574-9464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergio Roberto Peres","family":"Line","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences, FOP, University of Campinas, Piracicaba 13414903, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raquel Fernanda","family":"Gerlach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic and Oral Biology, FORP, University of Sao Paulo, Av. 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