{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T09:13:54Z","timestamp":1769937234953,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]],"date-time":"2022-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668988800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ALG-01-0145-FEDER-028824"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ALG-01-0145-FEDER-028824"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/BIA-MIC\/28824\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/BIA-MIC\/28824\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UI\/BD\/153078\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UI\/BD\/153078\/2022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>It is recognized that the spread of antibiotic resistance (AR) genes among aquatic environments, including aquaculture and the human environment, can have detrimental effects on human and animal health and the ecosystem. Thus, when transmitted to the human microbiome or pathogens, resistance genes risk human health by compromising the eventual treatment of infections with antibiotic therapy. This study aimed to define the resistance profile of aquaculture farms and their potential risk for spreading. Twenty-four sediments from oyster and gilthead sea bream aquaculture farms located in three Portuguese river estuaries (17 sediments from Sado, 4 from Aveiro, and 3 from Lima) were studied by comparative metagenomic analysis. The computation of the diversity of genes conferring resistance per antibiotic class revealed a significant increase in aminoglycosides, beta-lactams, disinfectants, quinolones, and tetracyclines counts. In all geographic locations under study, the most diverse AR genes confer resistance to the macrolides, tetracyclines and oxazolidinones classes, all of which are medically important for human and animal therapies, as well as resistance to disinfectants. The diversity of mobile genetic elements correlated with the number of AR genes such as tetracyclines, suggesting that AR could be easily mobilized among bacterial genomes and microbiomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology11111681","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]],"date-time":"2022-11-21T03:07:23Z","timestamp":1669000043000},"page":"1681","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Estuarine Aquacultures at the Crossroads of Animal Production and Antibacterial Resistance: A Metagenomic Approach to the Resistome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8973-5190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel G.","family":"Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"INIAV\u2014National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinary Research, IP, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal"},{"name":"cE3c\u2014Center for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE\u2014Global Change and Sustainability Institute, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2970-010X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9lia P. F.","family":"Domingues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INIAV\u2014National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinary Research, IP, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal"},{"name":"cE3c\u2014Center for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE\u2014Global Change and Sustainability Institute, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o F.","family":"Figueiredo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INIAV\u2014National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinary Research, IP, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal"},{"name":"cE3c\u2014Center for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE\u2014Global Change and Sustainability Institute, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3653-1511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Dionisio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"cE3c\u2014Center for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE\u2014Global Change and Sustainability Institute, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1843-9455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Botelho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INIAV\u2014National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinary Research, IP, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0059-5177","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa","family":"Nogueira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INIAV\u2014National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinary Research, IP, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal"},{"name":"cE3c\u2014Center for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE\u2014Global Change and Sustainability Institute, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2022, September 26). 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