{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T15:09:04Z","timestamp":1790780944319,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,4]],"date-time":"2022-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670112000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["8162010801"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8162010801"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["31971892"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31971892"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["32170864"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32170864"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2018YFC1002802"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFC1002802"]}]},{"name":"State Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["8162010801"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8162010801"]}]},{"name":"State Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["31971892"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31971892"]}]},{"name":"State Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["32170864"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32170864"]}]},{"name":"State Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2018YFC1002802"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFC1002802"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Inflammation in gestational tissues plays critical role in parturition initiation. We sought to investigate the leukocyte infiltration and cytokine profile in uterine tissues to understand the inflammation during term and preterm labor in the mouse model. Preterm birth was induced by the administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or RU38486. The populations of leukocytes were determined by flow cytometry. Macrophages were the largest population in the myometrium and decidua in late gestation. The macrophage population was significantly changed in the myometrium and decidua from late pregnancy to term labor and significantly changed at LPS- and RU386-induced preterm labor. Neutrophils, T cells, and NKT cells were increased in LPS- and RU38486-induced preterm labor. The above changes were accompanied by the increased expression of cytokines and chemokines. In late gestation, M2 macrophages were the predominant phenotype in gestational tissues. M1 macrophages significantly increased in these tissues at term and preterm labor. IL-6 and NLRP3 expression was significantly increased in macrophages at labor, supporting that macrophages exhibit proinflammatory phenotypes. NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor MCC950 mainly suppressed macrophage infiltration in the myometrium at term labor and preterm labor. Our data suggest that the M1 polarization of macrophages contributes to inflammation linked to term and preterm labor initiation in gestational tissues.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology11121759","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]],"date-time":"2022-12-05T02:56:26Z","timestamp":1670208986000},"page":"1759","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Term and Preterm Birth Initiation Is Associated with the Macrophages Shifting to M1 Polarization in Gestational Tissues in Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Yali","family":"Shan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha 410008, China"},{"name":"International Collaborative Research Center for Medical Metabolomics, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha 410008, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiping","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha 410008, China"},{"name":"International Collaborative Research Center for Medical Metabolomics, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha 410008, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha 410008, China"},{"name":"International Collaborative Research Center for Medical Metabolomics, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha 410008, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhengshan","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Collaborative Research Center for Medical Metabolomics, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha 410008, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cichun","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Collaborative Research Center for Medical Metabolomics, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha 410008, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1565-327X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xin","family":"Ni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Collaborative Research Center for Medical Metabolomics, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha 410008, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60074-4","article-title":"Epidemiology and causes of preterm birth","volume":"371","author":"Goldenberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1251816","article-title":"Preterm labor: One syndrome, many causes","volume":"345","author":"Romero","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2018.01.022","article-title":"The biological basis and prevention of preterm birth","volume":"52","author":"Tosto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Best Pract Res. 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