{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:48:09Z","timestamp":1760244489716,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,8]],"date-time":"2022-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670457600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Agencia Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo (ANID), Chile","award":["#11201322","#1220105","#UI-024\/20","#Redbio0027","ACT210097","#21222256","#3210667","#205.113.066-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#11201322","#1220105","#UI-024\/20","#Redbio0027","ACT210097","#21222256","#3210667","#205.113.066-1"]}]},{"name":"VID-University of Chile","award":["#11201322","#1220105","#UI-024\/20","#Redbio0027","ACT210097","#21222256","#3210667","#205.113.066-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#11201322","#1220105","#UI-024\/20","#Redbio0027","ACT210097","#21222256","#3210667","#205.113.066-1"]}]},{"name":"International collaboration Project ANID","award":["#11201322","#1220105","#UI-024\/20","#Redbio0027","ACT210097","#21222256","#3210667","#205.113.066-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#11201322","#1220105","#UI-024\/20","#Redbio0027","ACT210097","#21222256","#3210667","#205.113.066-1"]}]},{"name":"Anillo","award":["#11201322","#1220105","#UI-024\/20","#Redbio0027","ACT210097","#21222256","#3210667","#205.113.066-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#11201322","#1220105","#UI-024\/20","#Redbio0027","ACT210097","#21222256","#3210667","#205.113.066-1"]}]},{"name":"PhD fellowship","award":["#11201322","#1220105","#UI-024\/20","#Redbio0027","ACT210097","#21222256","#3210667","#205.113.066-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#11201322","#1220105","#UI-024\/20","#Redbio0027","ACT210097","#21222256","#3210667","#205.113.066-1"]}]},{"name":"FONDECYT postdoctoral","award":["#11201322","#1220105","#UI-024\/20","#Redbio0027","ACT210097","#21222256","#3210667","#205.113.066-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#11201322","#1220105","#UI-024\/20","#Redbio0027","ACT210097","#21222256","#3210667","#205.113.066-1"]}]},{"name":"VRID-University of Concepci\u00f3n","award":["#11201322","#1220105","#UI-024\/20","#Redbio0027","ACT210097","#21222256","#3210667","#205.113.066-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#11201322","#1220105","#UI-024\/20","#Redbio0027","ACT210097","#21222256","#3210667","#205.113.066-1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although the rear-fanged snake Galvarinus chilensis chilensis (formerly named Tachymenis ch. chilensis) causes ophidian accidents with clinical importance in Chile, the anatomical and histological characterizations of the venom delivery system (venom gland and fang) of this species still remain unknown. This study describes the dentition and characteristics of fangs and their ontogenetic variations in G. ch. chilensis. Moreover, histological and histochemistry analyses of the venom glands of this species are presented. Using micro-computed tomography and scanning electron microscopy, the dentitions of neonates, juveniles, and adults were analyzed, and no ontogenetic variations in teeth length and number present in the dentary and maxilla were observed. Moreover, we found three types of basic teeth, with distributional patterns conserved in all ontogenetic categories. The fangs exhibited a groove from the base to the middle. At the end of the groove, prominent ridges are formed. The fang and groove lengths were significantly distinct between ontogenetic categories. No differences between females and males were observed. Histologically, we found that the venom gland is close to the fangs and has a seromucous composition. Our results describe, for the first time, the distributional pattern and characteristics of the dentition and venom delivery system of the poorly studied snake G. ch. chilensis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology11121788","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,9]],"date-time":"2022-12-09T02:20:31Z","timestamp":1670552431000},"page":"1788","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Shedding Light on the Dentition and Venom Delivery System of the Rear-Fanged Snake, Galvarinus chilensis chilensis (Serpentes: Dipsadidae: Tachymenini) from Chile"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5043-8591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yarela","family":"Herrera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Metabolic Plasticity and Bioenergetics Laboratory, Program of Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile"},{"name":"Network for Snake Venom Research and Drug Discovery, Santiago 8380453, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3944-3138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebasti\u00e1n","family":"Fuentes-Retamal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Metabolic Plasticity and Bioenergetics Laboratory, Program of Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile"},{"name":"Network for Snake Venom Research and Drug Discovery, Santiago 8380453, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0201-1665","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ulrike","family":"Kemmerling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7269-3086","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Elisa","family":"Peichoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), National Institute of Tropical Medicine\u2014National Administration of Laboratories and Health Institutes (ANLIS \u201cDr. Carlos G Malbr\u00e1n\u201d), Puerto Iguaz\u00fa 9C59+8V, Misiones, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan Carlos","family":"Ortiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Faculty of Natural and Oceanographic Sciences, University of Concepcion, Concepci\u00f3n 4070032, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8582-4399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F\u00e9lix A.","family":"Urra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Metabolic Plasticity and Bioenergetics Laboratory, Program of Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile"},{"name":"Network for Snake Venom Research and Drug Discovery, Santiago 8380453, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.11606\/issn.2316-9079.v9i2p121-131","article-title":"Ecological and phylogenetic influences on maxillary dentition in snakes","volume":"9","author":"Knox","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phyllomedusa J. 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