{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T03:07:58Z","timestamp":1791256078515,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,15]],"date-time":"2022-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671062400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>SARS-CoV-2 infections are highly correlated with the overexpression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in what is known as a cytokine storm, leading to high fatality rates. Such infections are accompanied by SIRS, ARDS, and sepsis, suggesting a potential link between the three phenotypes. Currently, little is known about the transcriptional similarity between these conditions. Herein, weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) clustering was applied to RNA-seq datasets (GSE147902, GSE66890, GSE74224, GSE177477) to identify modules of highly co-expressed and correlated genes, cross referenced with dataset GSE160163, across the samples. To assess the transcriptome similarities between the conditions, module preservation analysis was performed and functional enrichment was analyzed in DAVID webserver. The hub genes of significantly preserved modules were identified, classified into upregulated or downregulated, and used to screen candidate drugs using Connectivity Map (CMap) to identify repurposed drugs. Results show that several immune pathways (chemokine signaling, NOD-like signaling, and Th1 and Th2 cell differentiation) are conserved across the four diseases. Hub genes screened using intramodular connectivity show significant relevance with the pathogenesis of cytokine storms. Transcriptomic-driven drug repurposing identified seven candidate drugs (SB-202190, eicosatetraenoic-acid, loratadine, TPCA-1, pinocembrin, mepacrine, and CAY-10470) that targeted several immune-related processes. These identified drugs warrant further study into their efficacy for treating cytokine storms, and in vitro and in vivo experiments are recommended to confirm the findings of this study.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology11121827","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,15]],"date-time":"2022-12-15T02:20:57Z","timestamp":1671070857000},"page":"1827","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Drug Repurposing Using Gene Co-Expression and Module Preservation Analysis in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS), Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS), Sepsis, and COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6294-4803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryan Christian","family":"Mailem","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical, Biological, and Materials Engineering and Sciences and School of Graduate Studies, Map\u00faa University, Manila City 1002, Philippines"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lemmuel L.","family":"Tayo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical, Biological, and Materials Engineering and Sciences and School of Graduate Studies, Map\u00faa University, Manila City 1002, Philippines"},{"name":"School of Health Sciences, Map\u00faa University, Manila City 1002, Philippines"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2620","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI137244","article-title":"Clinical and Immunological Features of Severe and Moderate Coronavirus Disease 2019","volume":"130","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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