{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T23:34:31Z","timestamp":1790638471931,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,18]],"date-time":"2022-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671321600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) is an opportunistic pathogen associated with nosocomial infections. In this study, 100 raw milk samples were collected from Qena, Egypt, and subjected to conventional and molecular assays to determine the presence of A. baumannii and investigate their antimicrobial resistance and biofilm formation. Our findings revealed that, among the 100 samples, Acinetobacter spp. were found in 13 samples based on CHROM agar results. We further characterized them using rpoB and 16S-23SrRNA sequencing and gyrB multiplex PCR analysis and confirmed that 9 out of the 13 Acinetobacter spp. isolates were A. baumannii and 4 were other species. The A. baumannii isolates were resistant to \u03b2-lactam drugs, including cefotaxime (44%), ampicillin-sulbactam and levofloxacin (33.3% for each), imipenem, meropenem and aztreonam (22.2% for each). We observed different antimicrobial resistance patterns, with a multi-antibiotic resistant (MAR) index ranging from 0.2 to 0.3. According to the PCR results, blaOXA-51 and blaOXA-23 genes were amplified in 100% and 55.5% of the A. baumannii isolates, respectively, while the blaOXA-58 gene was not amplified. Furthermore, the metallo-\u03b2-lactamases (MBL) genes blaIMP and blaNDM were found in 11.1% and 22.2% of isolates, respectively, while blaVIM was not amplified. Additionally, eight A. baumannii isolates (88.8%) produced black-colored colonies on Congo red agar, demonstrating their biofilm production capacity. These results showed that, besides other foodborne pathogens, raw milk should also be examined for A. baumannii, which could be a public health concern.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology11121845","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,19]],"date-time":"2022-12-19T05:55:43Z","timestamp":1671429343000},"page":"1845","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Characterization of Acinetobacter baumannii Isolated from Raw Milk"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Hams M. A.","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2547-0709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanan H.","family":"Abd-Elhafeez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cells and Tissues, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omar A.","family":"Al-Jabr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7155-3732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mona A.","family":"El-Zamkan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2009.0302","article-title":"Food Safety Hazards Associated with Consumption of Raw Milk","volume":"6","author":"Oliver","year":"2009","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. 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