{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T10:38:53Z","timestamp":1793270333427,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,30]],"date-time":"2022-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672358400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation scheme under the Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie","award":["801342"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["801342"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation scheme under the Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie","award":["2017-SGR-1229"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017-SGR-1229"]}]},{"name":"Catalan Agency for Management of University and Research","award":["801342"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["801342"]}]},{"name":"Catalan Agency for Management of University and Research","award":["2017-SGR-1229"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017-SGR-1229"]}]},{"name":"Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA)","award":["801342"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["801342"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0371hy230","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA)","award":["2017-SGR-1229"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017-SGR-1229"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0371hy230","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Semen quality has a direct relation to male fertility. Whether sperm variables in humans have decreased over the last years is still uncertain, with some studies showing a decline and others reporting no changes. In this regard, previous research has suggested that lifestyle and environmental conditions may contribute to this variability, calling for regional studies. The present work is a retrospective, unicentric study that includes semen samples analyzed between 1997 and 2017 at the Parc Taul\u00ed Hospital (Barcelona metropolitan area). First, a multivariate analysis including the age as a confounding factor showed a statistically significant decrease in semen volume, pH, progressive motility, morphology and total motile sperm over time. Contrarily, no significant variation in sperm count or concentration was observed. Mean reductions per year were \u22120.02 mL for volume, \u22120.57% for progressively motile sperm and \u22120.72% for sperm with normal morphology. Interestingly, the average annual temperature registered by the Spanish Meteorology Agency negatively correlated to sperm morphology and sperm count (Rs = \u22120.642; p = 0.002 and Rs = \u22120.435; p = 0.049, respectively). In conclusion, the present study based on infertile patients from the Barcelona area found a decline in sperm motility and morphology, without effects on sperm count. Changes in temperature appeared to be associated to this decline, but further studies are needed to address the mechanisms linked to the observed variations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology12010070","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,2]],"date-time":"2023-01-02T04:07:09Z","timestamp":1672632429000},"page":"70","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Decline of Sperm Quality over the Last Two Decades in the South of Europe: A Retrospective Study in Infertile Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Emma","family":"Garcia-Grau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Parc Taul\u00ed Health Corporation, ES-08208 Sabadell, Spain"},{"name":"Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, (Cerdanyola del Vall\u00e8s), ES-08193 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judith","family":"Lleberia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Parc Taul\u00ed Health Corporation, ES-08208 Sabadell, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Parc Taul\u00ed Health Corporation, ES-08208 Sabadell, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miriam","family":"Guitart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UDIAT Diagnostic Center, Parc Taul\u00ed Health Corporation, ES-08208 Sabadell, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2209-340X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc","family":"Yeste","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnology of Animal and Human Reproduction (TechnoSperm), Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology, University of Girona, ES-17003 Girona, Spain"},{"name":"Unit of Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Girona, ES-17003 Girona, Spain"},{"name":"Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), ES-08010 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6185-2555","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jordi","family":"Benet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vall\u00e8s), ES-08193 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9","family":"Amengual","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UDIAT Diagnostic Center, Parc Taul\u00ed Health Corporation, ES-08208 Sabadell, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9101-2044","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jordi","family":"Ribas-Maynou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnology of Animal and Human Reproduction (TechnoSperm), Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology, University of Girona, ES-17003 Girona, Spain"},{"name":"Unit of Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Girona, ES-17003 Girona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2018.03.012","article-title":"Fertility and Infertility: Definition and Epidemiology","volume":"62","author":"Wyns","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. 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