{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T00:15:19Z","timestamp":1793751319113,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":218,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,12]],"date-time":"2023-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science and Technology Project of Zhejiang Province","award":["2022C02063"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022C02063"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mushroom polysaccharides are a kind of biological macromolecule extracted from the fruiting body, mycelium or fermentation liquid of edible fungi. In recent years, the research on mushroom polysaccharides for alleviating metabolic diseases, inflammatory bowel diseases, cancers and other symptoms by changing the intestinal microenvironment has been increasing. Mushroom polysaccharides could promote human health by regulating gut microbiota, increasing the production of short-chain fatty acids, improving intestinal mucosal barrier, regulating lipid metabolism and activating specific signaling pathways. Notably, these biological activities are closely related to the molecular weight, monosaccharide composition and type of the glycosidic bond of mushroom polysaccharide. This review aims to summarize the latest studies: (1) Regulatory effects of mushroom polysaccharides on gut microbiota; (2) The effect of mushroom polysaccharide structure on gut microbiota; (3) Metabolism of mushroom polysaccharides by gut microbiota; and (4) Effects of mushroom polysaccharides on gut microbe-mediated diseases. It provides a theoretical basis for further exploring the mechanism of mushroom polysaccharides for regulating gut microbiota and gives a reference for developing and utilizing mushroom polysaccharides as promising prebiotics in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology12010122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,12]],"date-time":"2023-01-12T05:45:33Z","timestamp":1673502333000},"page":"122","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":83,"title":["The Interaction between Mushroom Polysaccharides and Gut Microbiota and Their Effect on Human Health: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Jiahui","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yixin","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shizhu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Fangge Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Qingyuan 323800, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anqiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rongjun","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China"},{"name":"Zhejiang Fangge Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Qingyuan 323800, China"},{"name":"Bioactives and Functional Foods Research Center, China National Light Industry, Hangzhou 310014, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1963-1120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peilong","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China"},{"name":"Zhejiang Fangge Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Qingyuan 323800, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Food Macromolecular Resources Processing Technology Research, China National Light Industry, Hangzhou 310014, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-13836-5","article-title":"The Mouse Gut Microbial Biobank expands the coverage of cultured bacteria","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09944","article-title":"Enterotypes of the human gut microbiome","volume":"473","author":"Arumugam","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1110591","article-title":"Diversity of the human intestinal microbial flora","volume":"308","author":"Eckburg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leeming, E.R., Johnson, A.J., Spector, T.D., and Le Roy, C.I. (2019). Effect of Diet on the Gut Microbiota: Rethinking Intervention Duration. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11122862"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1038\/nature18846","article-title":"Diet-microbiota interactions as moderators of human metabolism","volume":"535","author":"Sonnenburg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2016.10.003","article-title":"Microbiome, metabolites and host immunity","volume":"35","author":"Levy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2017.06.009","article-title":"Navigating the Gut Buffet: Control of Polysaccharide Utilization in Bacteroides spp.","volume":"25","author":"Schwalm","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1080\/09637486.2016.1197185","article-title":"Effects of bitter melon (Momordica charantia L.) on the gut microbiota in high fat diet and low dose streptozocin-induced rats","volume":"67","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-019-0258-z","article-title":"Gut microbiota-derived metabolites as key actors in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"17","author":"Lavelle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastro Hepat."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-019-0156-z","article-title":"Gut microbial metabolites in obesity, NAFLD and T2DM","volume":"15","author":"Canfora","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.189","article-title":"Effect of the structural characterization of the fungal polysaccharides on their immunomodulatory activity","volume":"164","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20472","DOI":"10.1039\/C9RA02977J","article-title":"Chemical structure and biological properties of a polysaccharide isolated from Pleurotus sajor-caju","volume":"9","author":"Seedevi","year":"2019","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jayachandran, M., Xiao, J.B., and Xu, B.J. (2017). A Critical Review on Health Promoting Benefits of Edible Mushrooms through Gut Microbiota. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18091934"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fshw.2022.03.010","article-title":"GPP (composition of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides and Polyporus umbellatus polysaccharides) protects against DSS-induced murine colitis by enhancing immune function and regulating intestinal flora","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Sci. Hum. Wellness"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5680","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules20045680","article-title":"Chemical Compositions and Antioxidant Activities of Polysaccharides from the Sporophores and Cultured Products of Armillaria mellea","volume":"20","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2018.01.145","article-title":"Characteristics and immune-enhancing activity of pectic polysaccharides from sweet cherry (Prunus avium)","volume":"254","author":"Cao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.10.035","article-title":"Apios americana Medik flowers polysaccharide (AFP) alleviate Cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression in ICR mice","volume":"144","author":"Chu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"833","article-title":"Antitumor and anti-angiogenic activity of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides peptide","volume":"25","author":"Cao","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2018.4182","article-title":"Hypolipidemic, Antioxidant, and Antiapoptotic Effects of Polysaccharides Extracted from Reishi Mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum (Leysser: Fr) Karst, in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet","volume":"21","author":"Liang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Med. Food"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.10.253","article-title":"Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activities of Grifola frondosa polysaccharides and their relationships with the modulation of intestinal microflora in diabetic mice induced by high-fat diet and streptozotocin","volume":"153","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2009.01.009","article-title":"Free radical scavenging of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides and its effect on antioxidant enzymes and immunity activities in cervical carcinoma rats","volume":"77","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1039\/c2fo30110e","article-title":"Antioxidant capacities, phenolic compounds and polysaccharide contents of 49 edible macro-fungi","volume":"3","author":"Guo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mustafa, F., Chopra, H., Baig, A.A., Avula, S.K., Kumari, S., Mohanta, T.K., Saravanan, M., Mishra, A.K., Sharma, N., and Mohanta, Y.K. (2022). Edible Mushrooms as Novel Myco-Therapeutics: Effects on Lipid Level, Obesity, and BMI. J. Fungi, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof8020211"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.12938\/bmfh.2020-018","article-title":"Polysaccharide from wild morels alters the spatial structure of gut microbiota and the production of short-chain fatty acids in mice","volume":"39","author":"Huo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biosci. Microbiota Food Health"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s13568-017-0341-1","article-title":"Inonotus obliquus polysaccharide regulates gut microbiota of chronic pancreatitis in mice","volume":"7","author":"Hu","year":"2017","journal-title":"AMB Express"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2019.03.031","article-title":"Effects of Flammulina velutipes polysaccharide on immune response and intestinal microbiota in mice","volume":"56","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, X.F., and Zhang, X.W. (2015). Lentinula edodes-Derived Polysaccharide Alters the Spatial Structure of Gut Microbiota in Mice. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0115037"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aqrep.2020.100578","article-title":"Dietary administration of Pleurotus ostreatus polysaccharides (POPS) modulates the non-specific immune response and gut microbiota diversity of Apostichopus japonicus","volume":"19","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aquac. Rep."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1559","DOI":"10.29219\/fnr.v63.1559","article-title":"Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide improves rat DSS-induced colitis by altering cecal microbiota and gene expression of colonic epithelial cells","volume":"63","author":"Xie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1839","DOI":"10.1016\/S2095-3119(21)63871-6","article-title":"Roles of mushroom polysaccharides in chronic disease management","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Integr. Agric."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2018.01.090","article-title":"Purification, characterization and immunomodulatory activity of a novel polysaccharide from Grifola frondosa","volume":"111","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2015.08.043","article-title":"A polysaccharide from cultured mycelium of Hericium erinaceus and its anti-chronic atrophic gastritis activity","volume":"81","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2006.12.001","article-title":"Structure and bioactivities of a galactose rich extracellular polysaccharide from submergedly cultured Ganoderma lucidum","volume":"68","author":"Li","year":"2007","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2016.07.016","article-title":"Charaterization and immunomodulatory activities of polysaccharide isolated from Pleurotus eryngii","volume":"92","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1002\/bip.21025","article-title":"Gel formation and low-temperature intramolecular conformation transition of a triple-helical polysaccharide lentinan in water","volume":"89","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biopolymers"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11560","DOI":"10.1021\/jf304364c","article-title":"Structure and Immuno-Stimulating Activities of a New Heteropolysaccharide from Lentinula edodes","volume":"60","author":"Xu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2653","DOI":"10.1039\/C5FO00689A","article-title":"Lentinula edodes-derived polysaccharide rejuvenates mice in terms of immune responses and gut microbiota","volume":"6","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14371","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.14371","article-title":"A preliminary study on preparation, characterization, and prebiotic activity of a polysaccharide from the edible mushroom Ramaria flava","volume":"46","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Food Biochem."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858585","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.858585","article-title":"Digestive Characteristics of Hericium erinaceus Polysaccharides and Their Positive Effects on Fecal Microbiota of Male and Female Volunteers During in vitro Fermentation","volume":"9","author":"Tian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353724","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/1353724","article-title":"Bachu Mushroom Polysaccharide Alleviates Colonic Injury by Modulating the Gut Microbiota","volume":"2022","author":"Abdureyim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. Math. Methods Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-021-02724-6","article-title":"\u03b2-Glucan from Lentinula edodes prevents cognitive impairments in high-fat diet-induced obese mice: Involvement of colon-brain axis","volume":"19","author":"Pan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984695","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.984695","article-title":"Morchella esculenta mushroom polysaccharide attenuates diabetes and modulates intestinal permeability and gut microbiota in a type 2 diabetic mice model","volume":"9","author":"Rehman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2021.131303","article-title":"Characterization of polysaccharide from Pleurotus eryngii during simulated gastrointestinal digestion and fermentation","volume":"370","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2022.111005","article-title":"Comprehensive analysis of Sparassis crispa polysaccharide characteristics during the in vitro digestion and fermentation model","volume":"154","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2021.12.165","article-title":"Purification, structural characterization and neuroprotective effect of a neutral polysaccharide from Sparassis crispa","volume":"201","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648162","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.648162","article-title":"Tremella fuciformis Polysaccharides Inhibited Colonic Inflammation in Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Treated Mice via Foxp3+T Cells, Gut Microbiota, and Bacterial Metabolites","volume":"12","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119862","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2022.119862","article-title":"Polysaccharides from Lyophyllum decastes reduce obesity by altering gut microbiota and increasing energy expenditure","volume":"295","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105069","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2022.105069","article-title":"Prebiotic properties of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides with special enrichment of Bacteroides ovatus and B. uniformis in vitro","volume":"92","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pan, M.C., Kong, F.G., Xing, L., Yao, L., Li, Y., Liu, Y., Li, C.T., and Li, L.Z. (2022). The Structural Characterization and Immunomodulatory Activity of Polysaccharides from Pleurotus abieticola Fruiting Bodies. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14204410"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4291","DOI":"10.1039\/D0FO00597E","article-title":"Effects of polysaccharides from wild morels on immune response and gut microbiota composition in non-treated and cyclophosphamide-treated mice","volume":"11","author":"Huo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.11.047","article-title":"Intake of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides reverses the disturbed gut microbiota and metabolism in type 2 diabetic rats","volume":"155","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2943","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.15319","article-title":"Polysaccharide isolated from Auricularia auricular-judae (Bull.) prevents dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice through modulating the composition of the gut microbiota","volume":"85","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558874","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.558874","article-title":"Anti-Obesity Effect of Dictyophora indusiata Mushroom Polysaccharide (DIP) in High Fat Diet-Induced Obesity via Regulating Inflammatory Cascades and Intestinal Microbiome","volume":"11","author":"Kanwal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.044","article-title":"Polysaccharide from Flammuliana velutipes improves colitis via regulation of colonic microbial dysbiosis and inflammatory responses","volume":"149","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2019.108870","article-title":"Structure characterization of soluble dietary fiber fractions from mushroom Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler and the effects on fermentation and human gut microbiota in vitro","volume":"129","author":"Xue","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1080\/09540105.2020.1754345","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo functional characterization of an immune activation Flammulina velutipes polysaccharide based on gut microbiota regulation","volume":"31","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Agric. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2019.103641","article-title":"Attenuation of DSS induced colitis by Dictyophora indusiata polysaccharide (DIP) via modulation of gut microbiota and inflammatory related signaling pathways","volume":"64","author":"Kanwal","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2019.04.070","article-title":"Consumption of polysaccharides from Auricularia auricular modulates the intestinal microbiota in mice","volume":"123","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2560","DOI":"10.1039\/C9FO00075E","article-title":"Grifola frondosa polysaccharides ameliorate lipid metabolic disorders and gut microbiota dysbiosis in high-fat diet fed rats","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2019.02.034","article-title":"Hypoglycemic activity and gut microbiota regulation of a novel polysaccharide from Grifola frondosa in type 2 diabetic mice","volume":"126","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kanwal, S., Joseph, T.P., Owusu, L., Ren, X.M., Li, M.Q., and Xin, Y. (2018). A Polysaccharide Isolated from Dictyophora indusiata Promotes Recovery from Antibiotic-Driven Intestinal Dysbiosis and Improves Gut Epithelial Barrier Function in a Mouse Model. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10081003"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2018.03.005","article-title":"Polysaccharide of Hericium erinaceus attenuates colitis in C57BL\/6 mice via regulation of oxidative stress, inflammation-related signaling pathways and modulating the composition of the gut microbiota","volume":"57","author":"Ren","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mallard, B., Leach, D.N., Wohlmuth, H., and Tiralongo, J. (2019). Synergistic immuno-modulatory activity in human macrophages of a medicinal mushroom formulation consisting of Reishi, Shiitake and Maitake. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0224740"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Friedman, M. (2016). Mushroom Polysaccharides: Chemistry and Antiobesity, Antidiabetes, Anticancer, and Antibiotic Properties in Cells, Rodents, and Humans. Foods, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods5040080"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cerletti, C., Esposito, S., and Iacoviello, L. (2021). Edible Mushrooms and Beta-Glucans: Impact on Human Health. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13072195"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111817","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.111817","article-title":"Immunomodulatory roles of microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids in bacterial infections","volume":"141","author":"Ranjbar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2018.06.010","article-title":"A critical review on the impacts of beta-glucans on gut microbiota and human health","volume":"61","author":"Jayachandran","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saxami, G., Kerezoudi, E.N., Mitsou, E.K., Koutrotsios, G., Zervakis, G.I., Pletsa, V., and Kyriacou, A. (2021). Fermentation Supernatants of Pleurotus eryngii Mushroom Ameliorate Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Dysfunction in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Caco-2 Cells via Upregulation of Tight Junctions. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9102071"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.055","article-title":"The protective effects of walnut green husk polysaccharide on liver injury, vascular endothelial dysfunction and disorder of gut microbiota in high fructose-induced mice","volume":"162","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2018.05.041","article-title":"Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide alleviating colorectal cancer by alteration of special gut bacteria and regulation of gene expression of colonic epithelial cells","volume":"47","author":"Luo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"3","article-title":"An insoluble polysaccharide from the sclerotium of Poria cocos improves hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia and hepatic steatosis in ob\/ob mice via modulation of gut microbiota","volume":"17","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin. J. Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2017.03.177","article-title":"Polysaccharides in Grifola frondosa mushroom and their health promoting properties: A review","volume":"101","author":"He","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, X.Q., Yue, G.L., Yue, R.Q., Dong, C.X., Chan, C.L., Ko, C.H., Cheung, W.S., Luo, K.W., Dai, H., and Wong, C.K. (2014). Structure Elucidation and Immunomodulatory Activity of A Beta Glucan from the Fruiting Bodies of Ganoderma Sinense. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0100380"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116874","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2020.116874","article-title":"Structural characterization and immunomodulatory activity of a water-soluble polysaccharide from Ganoderma leucocontextum fruiting bodies","volume":"249","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2011.587616","article-title":"Polysaccharides in Lentinus edodes: Isolation, Structure, Immunomodulating Activity and Future Prospective","volume":"54","author":"Xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2277","DOI":"10.1111\/ijfs.14142","article-title":"Characteristic of polysaccharides from Flammulina velutipes in vitro digestion under salivary, simulated gastric and small intestinal conditions and fermentation by human gut microbiota","volume":"54","author":"Su","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cantarel, B.L., Lombard, V., and Henrissat, B. (2012). Complex Carbohydrate Utilization by the Healthy Human Microbiome. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0028742"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.33.2.319-322.1977","article-title":"Fermentation of mucin and plant polysaccharides by strains of Bacteroides from the human colon","volume":"33","author":"Salyers","year":"1977","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1039\/C7FO01991B","article-title":"Flammulina velutipes polysaccharides improve scopolamine-induced learning and memory impairment in mice by modulating gut microbiota composition","volume":"9","author":"Su","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ravcheev, D.A., Godzik, A., Osterman, A.L., and Rodionov, D.A. (2013). Polysaccharides utilization in human gut bacterium Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron: Comparative genomics reconstruction of metabolic and regulatory networks. BMC Genom., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-14-873"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-022-00712-1","article-title":"Carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) in the gut microbiome","volume":"20","author":"Wardman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-micro-092412-155618","article-title":"Biomass utilization by gut microbiomes","volume":"68","author":"White","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20101185","article-title":"A hierarchical classification of polysaccharide lyases for glycogenomics","volume":"432","author":"Lombard","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2012.04.010","article-title":"Microbial carbohydrate esterases deacetylating plant polysaccharides","volume":"30","author":"Biely","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3050","article-title":"The abundance and variety of carbohydrate-active enzymes in the human gut microbiota","volume":"11","author":"Armougom","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1038\/nature17626","article-title":"The evolution of cooperation within the gut microbiota","volume":"533","author":"Foster","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3407","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.12868","article-title":"Ruminococcal cellulosome systems from rumen to human","volume":"17","author":"Yonit","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.12859","article-title":"Molecular details of a starch utilization pathway in the human gut symbiont Eubacterium rectale","volume":"95","author":"Cockburn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7287","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-019-10012-z","article-title":"Glycan utilisation system in Bacteroides and Bifidobacteria and their roles in gut stability and health","volume":"103","author":"Singh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2017.10.001","article-title":"Glycan Utilization and Cross-Feeding Activities by Bifidobacteria","volume":"26","author":"Turroni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, T.H., Yang, Y., Liang, Y., Jiao, X., and Zhao, C.H. (2018). Beneficial Effect of Intestinal Fermentation of Natural Polysaccharides. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10081055"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49621","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M207672200","article-title":"Degradation of cellulose substrates by cellulosome chimeras-Substrate targeting versus proximity of enzyme components","volume":"277","author":"Fierobe","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.09.098","article-title":"Comparison of antidiabetic effects of saponins and polysaccharides from Momordica charantia L. in STZ-induced type 2 diabetic mice","volume":"109","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2165\/00019053-199500081-00003","article-title":"Epidemiology of type II diabetes: An international perspective","volume":"8","author":"Songer","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pharmacoeconomics"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18408","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-18534-2","article-title":"Role and mechanism(s) of incretin-dependent therapies for treating diabetes mellitus","volume":"29","author":"Nasr","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.145","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of mushrooms in diabetes mellitus: Role of polysaccharides","volume":"164","author":"Khursheed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0495-2","article-title":"Supplementation with Akkermansia muciniphila in overweight and obese human volunteers: A proof-of-concept exploratory study","volume":"25","author":"Depommier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.006","article-title":"Polysaccharides from Armillariella tabescens mycelia ameliorate renal damage in type 2 diabetic mice","volume":"162","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6434910","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/6434910","article-title":"Lactobacillus reuteri LR1 Improved Expression of Genes of Tight Junction Proteins via the MLCK Pathway in IPEC-1 Cells during Infection with Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli K88","volume":"2018","author":"Yi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2019.1589281","article-title":"Lactobacillus fermentum species ameliorate dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis by regulating the immune response and altering gut microbiota","volume":"10","author":"Jang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2021.12.034","article-title":"A polysaccharide isolated from Ganoderma lucidum ameliorates hyperglycemia through modulating gut microbiota in type 2 diabetic mice","volume":"197","author":"Shao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1007\/s10068-021-00908-w","article-title":"Manipulations of glucose\/lipid metabolism and gut microbiota of resistant starch encapsulated Ganoderma lucidum spores in T2DM rats","volume":"30","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.09.206","article-title":"Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic mechanism of organic chromium derived from chelation of Grifola frondosa polysaccharide-chromium (III) and its modulation of intestinal microflora in high fat-diet and STZ-induced diabetic mice","volume":"145","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shimizu, T., Mori, K., Ouchi, K., Kushida, M., and Tsuduki, T. (2018). Effects of Dietary Intake of Japanese Mushrooms on Visceral Fat Accumulation and Gut Microbiota in Mice. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10050610"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1039\/C5MB00211G","article-title":"A deterministic oscillatory model of microtubule growth and shrinkage for differential actions of short chain fatty acids","volume":"12","author":"Kilner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. BioSystems"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2018.10.041","article-title":"A polysaccharide extracted from Astragalus membranaceus residue improves cognitive dysfunction by altering gut microbiota in diabetic mice","volume":"205","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2020.117594","article-title":"Suppression of obesity and inflammation by polysaccharide from sporoderm-broken spore of Ganoderma lucidum via gut microbiota regulation","volume":"256","author":"Sang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_108","first-page":"1","article-title":"Dietary fiber in the prevention of obesity and obesity-related chronic diseases: From epidemiological evidence to potential molecular mechanisms","volume":"26","author":"Waddell","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2018.07.086","article-title":"Polysaccharides extracted from Phellinus linteus ameliorate high-fat high-fructose diet induced insulin resistance in mice","volume":"200","author":"Feng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9994","DOI":"10.1039\/D1FO02022F","article-title":"Hypoglycemic effects of Auricularia auricula polysaccharides on high fat diet and streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice using metabolomics analysis","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5479","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.15963","article-title":"Auricularia auricula-judae (Bull.) polysaccharides improve type 2 diabetes in HFD\/STZ-induced mice by regulating the AKT\/AMPK signaling pathways and the gut microbiota","volume":"86","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2021.104649","article-title":"Coumarin-rich Grifola frondosa ethanol extract alleviate lipid metabolism disorders and modulates intestinal flora compositions of high-fat diet rats","volume":"85","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fshw.2021.07.008","article-title":"Health benefits of Grifola frondosa polysaccharide on intestinal microbiota in type 2 diabetic mice","volume":"11","author":"Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Sci. Hum. Wellness"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2022.04.107","article-title":"Polysaccharide from Agrocybe cylindracea prevents diet-induced obesity through inhibiting inflammation mediated by gut microbiota and associated metabolites","volume":"209","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, Z.R., Zhao, L.Y., Zhu, F.R., Liu, Y., Xiao, J.Y., Chen, Z.C., Lv, X.C., Huang, Y., and Liu, B. (2022). Anti-Diabetic Effects of Ethanol Extract from Sanghuangporous vaninii in High-Fat\/Sucrose Diet and Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Mice by Modulating Gut Microbiota. Foods, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11070974"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6725","DOI":"10.1039\/D1FO00666E","article-title":"Anti-obesity effects of Grifola frondosa through the modulation of lipid metabolism via ceramide in mice fed a high-fat diet","volume":"12","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803691","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.803691","article-title":"Lentinan Supplementation Protects the Gut-Liver Axis and Prevents Steatohepatitis: The Role of Gut Microbiota Involved","volume":"8","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X., Zeng, F., Huang, Y.F., and Liu, B. (2019). The Positive Effects of Grifola frondosa Heteropolysaccharide on NAFLD and Regulation of the Gut Microbiota. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20215302"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2020.104038","article-title":"Effects of Auricularia auricula and its polysaccharide on diet-induced hyperlipidemia rats by modulating gut microbiota","volume":"72","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3231","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-019-02162-7","article-title":"Effect of mushroom polysaccharides from Pleurotus eryngiion obesity and gut microbiota in mice fed a high-fat diet","volume":"59","author":"Nakahara","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2020.104313","article-title":"Grifola frondosa GF5000 improves insulin resistance by modulation the composition of gut microbiota in diabetic rats","volume":"77","author":"Xiao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7489","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms8489","article-title":"Ganoderma lucidum reduces obesity in mice by modulating the composition of the gut microbiota","volume":"6","author":"Chang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Romero-Cordoba, S.L., Salido-Guadarrama, I., Meneses, M.E., Cosentino, G., Iorio, M.V., Tagliabue, E., Torres, N., Sanchez-Tapia, M., Bonilla, M., and Castillo, I. (2021). Mexican Ganoderma Lucidum Extracts Decrease Lipogenesis Modulating Transcriptional Metabolic Networks and Gut Microbiota in C57BL\/6 Mice Fed with a High-Cholesterol Diet. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13010038"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13109","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.13109","article-title":"Ganoderma polysaccharide and chitosan synergistically ameliorate lipid metabolic disorders and modulate gut microbiota composition in high fat diet-fed golden hamsters","volume":"44","author":"Tong","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Food Biochem."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.38212\/2224-6614.3395","article-title":"Ulva prolifera polysaccharide exerts anti-obesity effects via upregulation of adiponectin expression and gut microbiota modulation in high-fat diet-fed C57BL\/6 mice","volume":"30","author":"Pung","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Food Drug Anal."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.2174\/092986709787315568","article-title":"Obesity: Pathophysiology and Clinical Management","volume":"16","author":"Panigrahi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2020.101117","article-title":"Growth differentiation factor 15 as a potential therapeutic for treating obesity","volume":"46","author":"Hale","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241214","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1241214","article-title":"Gut Microbiota from Twins Discordant for Obesity Modulate Metabolism in Mice","volume":"341","author":"Ridaura","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G518","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00024.2006","article-title":"Increased intestinal permeability in obese mice: New evidence in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"292","author":"Brun","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.12.016","article-title":"Microbiota-Generated Metabolites Promote Metabolic Benefits via Gut-Brain Neural Circuits","volume":"156","author":"Goncalves","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1039\/D1FO02324A","article-title":"Mulberry leaf polysaccharides ameliorate obesity through activation of brown adipose tissue and modulation of the gut microbiota in high-fat diet fed mice","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2398","DOI":"10.2337\/db14-1213","article-title":"Short-Chain Fatty Acids Protect Against High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity via a PPAR-Dependent Switch from Lipogenesis to Fat Oxidation","volume":"64","author":"Bleeker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmx009","article-title":"Butyrate: A Double-Edged Sword for Health?","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_134","first-page":"2452057","article-title":"Antidyslipidemic Potential of Water-Soluble Polysaccharides of Ganoderma applanatum in MACAPOS-2-Induced Obese Rats","volume":"18","author":"Mfopa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1810","DOI":"10.1039\/C7FO00341B","article-title":"In vivo fermentation of a Pleurotus eryngii polysaccharide and its effects on fecal microbiota composition and immune response","volume":"8","author":"Ma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aranaz, P., Pena, A., Vettorazzi, A., Fabra, M.J., Martinez-Abad, A., Lopez-Rubio, A., Pera, J., Parlade, J., Castellari, M., and Milagro, F.I. (2021). Grifola frondosa (Maitake) Extract Reduces Fat Accumulation and Improves Health Span in C. elegans through the DAF-16\/FOXO and SKN-1\/NRF2 Signalling Pathways. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13113968"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1093\/abbs\/gmab151","article-title":"Astragalus polysaccharide regulates brown adipogenic differentiation through miR-1258-5p-modulated cut-like homeobox 1 expression","volume":"53","author":"Cao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Biochim. Biophys. Sin."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13912","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.13912","article-title":"Polysaccharides from Volvariella volvacea inhibit fat accumulation in C. elegans dependent on the aak-2\/nhr-49-mediated pathway","volume":"45","author":"Bai","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Food Biochem."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferro, D., Baratta, F., Pastori, D., Cocomello, N., Colantoni, A., Angelico, F., and Del Ben, M. (2020). New Insights into the Pathogenesis of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Gut-Derived Lipopolysaccharides and Oxidative Stress. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12092762"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2010.172","article-title":"The role of the gut microbiota in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"7","author":"Quigley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-017-1524-x","article-title":"Influence of gut microbiota on the development and progression of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"57","author":"Ghetti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_142","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prebiotic inulin as a treatment of obesity related nonalcoholic fatty liver disease through gut microbiota: A critical review","volume":"22","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hess, J., Wang, Q., Gould, T., and Slavin, J. (2018). Impact of Agaricus bisporus Mushroom Consumption on Gut Health Markers in Healthy Adults. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10101402"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2017-315458","article-title":"Gut commensal Parabacteroides goldsteinii plays a predominant role in the anti-obesity effects of polysaccharides isolated from Hirsutella sinensis","volume":"68","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s12263-017-0585-z","article-title":"Synbiotic effects of beta-glucans from cauliflower mushroom and Lactobacillus fermentum on metabolic changes and gut microbiome in estrogen-deficient rats","volume":"12","author":"Jeong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Genes Nutr."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fontes, A., Alemany-Pages, M., Oliveira, P.J., Ramalho-Santos, J., Zischka, H., and Azul, A.M. (2019). Antioxidant Versus Pro-Apoptotic Effects of Mushroom-Enriched Diets on Mitochondria in Liver Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20163987"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4757","DOI":"10.1039\/D1FO03899K","article-title":"Structural characterization and preventive effect on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease of oligosaccharides from Bletilla striata","volume":"13","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115146","article-title":"Antrodia cinnamomea and its compound dehydroeburicoic acid attenuate nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by upregulating ALDH2 activity","volume":"292","author":"Cao","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2012.07.001","article-title":"A glycoceramide compound, improves experimental colitis in mice with multiple targets against activated T lymphocytes","volume":"263","author":"Wu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1111\/jhn.12544","article-title":"Dietary patterns and risk of ulcerative colitis: A case\u2014Control study","volume":"31","author":"Rashvand","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hum. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_151","first-page":"2403","article-title":"Oxidative Stress and DNA Damage: Implications in Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"21","author":"Pereira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1674","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000364","article-title":"Beneficial Effects of Probiotics, Prebiotics, Synbiotics, and Psychobiotics in Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"21","author":"Wasilewski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8777","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-65324-2","article-title":"Colorectal cancer is associated with increased circulating lipopolysaccharide, inflammation and hypercoagulability","volume":"10","author":"Forgan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12559","DOI":"10.1111\/cpr.12559","article-title":"Comparison of the efficiency of different enemas on patients with distal ulcerative colitis","volume":"52","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Prolif."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2017.3990","article-title":"Lactobacillus acidophilus Improves Intestinal Inflammation in an Acute Colitis Mouse Model by Regulation of Th17 and Treg Cell Balance and Fibrosis Development","volume":"21","author":"Park","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Med. Food"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-020-02252-x","article-title":"Alleviation effects of Bifidobacterium breve on DSS-induced colitis depends on intestinal tract barrier maintenance and gut microbiota modulation","volume":"60","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2015.127","article-title":"Microorganisms linked to inflammatory bowel disease-associated dysbiosis differentially impact host physiology in gnotobiotic mice","volume":"10","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.2011.02601.x","article-title":"The Water-Soluble Extract from Cultured Medium of Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi) Mycelia (Designated as MAK) Ameliorates Murine Colitis Induced by Trinitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid","volume":"74","author":"Hanaoka","year":"2011","journal-title":"Scand. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1039\/D1FO03677G","article-title":"Ganoderma applanatum polysaccharides and ethanol extracts promote the recovery of colitis through intestinal barrier protection and gut microbiota modulations","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2016.09.029","article-title":"Effects of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides on chronic pancreatitis and intestinal microbiota in mice","volume":"93","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2021.118231","article-title":"Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide modulates gut microbiota and immune cell function to inhibit inflammation and tumorigenesis in colon","volume":"267","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2018.09.121","article-title":"Protective effects of lentinan on lipopolysaccharide induced inflammatory response in intestine of juvenile taimen (Hucho taimen, Pallas)","volume":"121","author":"Ren","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85838","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.20689","article-title":"Extracts from Hericium erinaceus relieve inflammatory bowel disease by regulating immunity and gut microbiota","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2021.101426","article-title":"Auricularia polytricha and Flammulina velutipes ameliorate inflammation and modulate the gut microbiota via regulation of NF-kappa B and Keap1\/Nrf2 signaling pathways on DSS-induced inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"47","author":"Tsopmejio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Biosci."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.15586\/qas.v14i3.1073","article-title":"Regulatory effect of intracellular polysaccharides from Antrodia cinnamomea on the intestinal microbiota of mice with antibiotic-associated diarrhea","volume":"14","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Qual. Assur. Saf. Crops Foods"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1801265","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201801265","article-title":"Dietary Intake of Pleurotus eryngii Ameliorated Dextran-Sodium-Sulfate-Induced Colitis in Mice","volume":"63","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2014.10.019","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory activity on mice of extract of Ganoderma lucidum grown on rice via modulation of MAPK and NF-kappaB pathways","volume":"114","author":"Hasnat","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702173","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2021.702173","article-title":"Lentinan-Based Oral Nanoparticle Loaded Budesonide with Macrophage-Targeting Ability for Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis","volume":"9","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116942","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2020.116942","article-title":"The Impact of Mushroom Polysaccharides on Gut Microbiota and Its Beneficial Effects to Host: A Review","volume":"250","author":"Yin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1241165","article-title":"The microbial metabolites, short-chain fatty acids, regulate colonic Treg cell homeostasis","volume":"341","author":"Smith","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2019.02.038","article-title":"A unique polysaccharide from Hericium erinaceus mycelium ameliorates acetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis rats by modulating the composition of the gut microbiota, short chain fatty acids levels and GPR41\/43 respectors","volume":"71","author":"Shao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-012-2037-3","article-title":"Antioxidants and Chronic Pancreatitis: Theory of Oxidative Stress and Trials of Antioxidant Therapy","volume":"57","author":"Grigsby","year":"2012","journal-title":"Digest. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2016.01.035","article-title":"Seleno-lentinan prevents chronic pancreatitis development and modulates gut microbiota in mice","volume":"22","author":"Ren","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2016.09.099","article-title":"Effects of polysaccharide from mycelia of Ganoderma lucidum on intestinal barrier functions of rats","volume":"94","author":"Jin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2021.08.139","article-title":"Poria cocos polysaccharides attenuate chronic nonbacterial prostatitis by targeting the gut microbiota: Comparative study of Poria cocos polysaccharides and finasteride in treating chronic prostatitis","volume":"189","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941721","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.941721","article-title":"Extrahepatic factors in hepatic immune regulation","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918380","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.918380","article-title":"Innate immunity and immunotherapy for hemorrhagic shock","volume":"13","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wyatt, J., Muller, M.M., and Tavassoli, M. (2019). Cancer Treatment Goes Viral: Using Viral Proteins to Induce Tumour-Specific Cell Death. Cancers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers11121975"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1097\/SLE.0000000000000389","article-title":"Correlation of Bowel Wall Thickening Seen Using Computerized Tomography with Colonoscopies: A Preliminary Study","volume":"27","author":"Isik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Surg. Laparosc. Endosc. Percutaneous Tech."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.126516.111","article-title":"Fusobacterium nucleatum infection is prevalent in human colorectal carcinoma","volume":"22","author":"Castellarin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2013.08.016","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric inflammation and gastric cancer","volume":"345","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-014-0963-x","article-title":"Microbial mucosal colonic shifts associated with the development of colorectal cancer reveal the presence of different bacterial and archaeal biomarkers","volume":"50","author":"Ocon","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114511004934","article-title":"Oral inoculation of probiotics Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM suppresses tumour growth both in segmental orthotopic colon cancer and extra-intestinal tissue","volume":"107","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2345","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.02345","article-title":"Bifidobacteria and Their Molecular Communication with the Immune System","volume":"8","author":"Ruiz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.3892\/ijo.2017.3939","article-title":"Anticarcinogenic effects of water extract of sporoderm-broken spores of Ganoderma lucidum on colorectal cancer in vitro and in vivo","volume":"50","author":"Na","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01765","article-title":"Antitumor Activity of Extract from the Sporoderm-Breaking Spore of Ganoderma lucidum: Restoration on Exhausted Cytotoxic T Cell with Gut Microbiota Remodeling","volume":"9","author":"Su","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3099","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01224","article-title":"Anti-breast Cancer Enhancement of a Polysaccharide from Spore of Ganoderma lucidum With Paclitaxel: Suppression on Tumor Metabolism with Gut Microbiota Reshaping","volume":"10","author":"Su","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104448","article-title":"Mushroom polysaccharides and jiaogulan saponins exert cancer preventive effects by shaping the gut microbiota and microenvironment in Apc(Min\/+) mice","volume":"148","author":"Khan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2695","DOI":"10.1039\/C7FO01886J","article-title":"Carboxymethyl pachyman (CMP) reduces intestinal mucositis and regulates the intestinal microflora in 5-fluorouracil-treated CT26 tumour-bearing mice","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17127","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.28473","article-title":"Importance of probiotics in the prevention and treatment of colorectal cancer","volume":"234","author":"Eslami","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1080\/03036758.2019.1657471","article-title":"Guided dietary fibre intake as a means of directing short-chain fatty acid production by the gut microbiota","volume":"50","author":"Tannock","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. N. Z."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.4161\/gmic.23919","article-title":"Potential of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics for management of colorectal cancer","volume":"4","author":"Raman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2839","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7042839","article-title":"Dietary Gut Microbial Metabolites, Short-chain Fatty Acids, and Host Metabolic Regulation","volume":"7","author":"Kasubuchi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6172","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-22885-7","article-title":"Comprehensive comparison of polysaccharides from Ganoderma lucidum and G-sinense: Chemical, antitumor, immunomodulating and gut-microbiota modulatory properties","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-020-00460-0","article-title":"The gut microbiota-brain axis in behaviour and brain disorders","volume":"19","author":"Morais","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2019.09.008","article-title":"Microbiota-gut-brain axis and toll-like receptors in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"17","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Struct. Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13537","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-13601-y","article-title":"Gut microbiome alterations in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"7","author":"Vogt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2022.11.160","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of polysaccharide from Sparassis crispa on Alzheimer\u2019s disease-like mice: Involvement of microbiota-gut-brain axis","volume":"225","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15320","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.203090","article-title":"Cistanche deserticola polysaccharides alleviate cognitive decline in aging model mice by restoring the gut microbiota-brain axis","volume":"13","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI68833","article-title":"Coming of age: Molecular drivers of aging and therapeutic opportunities","volume":"123","author":"Newgard","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muturi, E.J., Ramirez, J.L., Rooney, A.P., and Kim, C.H. (2017). Comparative analysis of gut microbiota of mosquito communities in central Illinois. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005377"},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2018.09.216","article-title":"Protective roles of Amanita caesarea polysaccharides against Alzheimer\u2019s disease via Nrf2 pathway","volume":"121","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_203","first-page":"208","article-title":"Codonopsis pilosula Polysaccharides Alleviate Abeta (1-40)-Induced PC12 Cells Energy Dysmetabolism via CD38\/NAD+ Signaling Pathway","volume":"18","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Alzheimer Res."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4184562","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/4184562","article-title":"Pharmacological Basis for Use of Armillaria mellea Polysaccharides in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Antiapoptosis and Antioxidation","volume":"2017","author":"An","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2019.134297","article-title":"Alteration of the fecal microbiota in North-Eastern Han Chinese population with sporadic Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"707","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2018.02.016","article-title":"Alteration of the fecal microbiota in Chinese patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"70","author":"Qian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2019.05.064","article-title":"Gut microbiota in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Temporal stability and relations to disease progression","volume":"44","author":"Aho","year":"2019","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-017-0428-y","article-title":"Functional implications of microbial and viral gut metagenome changes in early stage L-DOPA-naive Parkinson\u2019s disease patients","volume":"9","author":"Bedarf","year":"2017","journal-title":"Genome Med."},{"key":"ref_209","first-page":"101812","article-title":"Role of enteric glia and microbiota-gut-brain axis in parkinson disease pathogenesis","volume":"84","author":"Lima","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4641","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.102927","article-title":"Effects of the probiotic formulation SLAB51 in in vitro and in vivo Parkinson\u2019s disease models","volume":"12","author":"Castelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636545","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.636545","article-title":"The Association Between the Gut Microbiota and Parkinson\u2019s Disease, a Meta-Analysis","volume":"13","author":"Shen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1038\/s41401-018-0077-8","article-title":"Ganoderma lucidum extract ameliorates MPTP-induced parkinsonism and protects dopaminergic neurons from oxidative stress via regulating mitochondrial function, autophagy, and apoptosis","volume":"40","author":"Ren","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Badshah, S.L., Riaz, A., Muhammad, A., Cayan, G.T., Cayan, F., Duru, M.E., Ahmad, N., Emwas, A.H., and Jaremko, M. (2021). Isolation, Characterization, and Medicinal Potential of Polysaccharides of Morchella esculenta. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26051459"},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1097\/00075197-200301000-00008","article-title":"Gut changes attributed to ageing: Effects on intestinal microflora","volume":"6","author":"Hebuterne","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Biagi, E., Nylund, L., Candela, M., Ostan, R., Bucci, L., Pini, E., Nikkila, J., Monti, D., Satokari, R., and Franceschi, C. (2010). Through Ageing, and Beyond: Gut Microbiota and Inflammatory Status in Seniors and Centenarians. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/annotation\/df45912f-d15c-44ab-8312-e7ec0607604d"},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2016.04.016","article-title":"Gut Microbiota and Extreme Longevity","volume":"26","author":"Biagi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00852.2004","article-title":"Effects of exercise and diet on chronic disease","volume":"98","author":"Roberts","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2019.103580","article-title":"Tuber indicum polysaccharide relieves fatigue by regulating gut microbiota in mice","volume":"63","author":"Zhong","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"}],"container-title":["Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-7737\/12\/1\/122\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:04:16Z","timestamp":1760119456000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-7737\/12\/1\/122"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,12]]},"references-count":218,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["biology12010122"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biology12010122","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-7737"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-7737","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,12]]}}}