{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T16:22:07Z","timestamp":1771604527138,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,16]],"date-time":"2023-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["82200812"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82200812"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["81974090"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81974090"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2022JJ30968"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022JJ30968"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["kq2202371"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["kq2202371"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2022M710171"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022M710171"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["202116000446"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202116000446"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["B202316008164"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B202316008164"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2022ZZTS0940"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022ZZTS0940"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hunan province","award":["82200812"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82200812"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hunan province","award":["81974090"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81974090"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hunan province","award":["2022JJ30968"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022JJ30968"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hunan province","award":["kq2202371"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["kq2202371"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hunan province","award":["2022M710171"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022M710171"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hunan province","award":["202116000446"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202116000446"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hunan province","award":["B202316008164"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B202316008164"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hunan province","award":["2022ZZTS0940"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022ZZTS0940"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Changsha city","award":["82200812"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82200812"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Changsha city","award":["81974090"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81974090"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Changsha city","award":["2022JJ30968"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022JJ30968"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Changsha city","award":["kq2202371"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["kq2202371"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Changsha city","award":["2022M710171"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022M710171"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Changsha city","award":["202116000446"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202116000446"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Changsha city","award":["B202316008164"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B202316008164"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Changsha city","award":["2022ZZTS0940"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022ZZTS0940"]}]},{"name":"Post-doctoral program","award":["82200812"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82200812"]}]},{"name":"Post-doctoral program","award":["81974090"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81974090"]}]},{"name":"Post-doctoral program","award":["2022JJ30968"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022JJ30968"]}]},{"name":"Post-doctoral program","award":["kq2202371"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["kq2202371"]}]},{"name":"Post-doctoral program","award":["2022M710171"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022M710171"]}]},{"name":"Post-doctoral program","award":["202116000446"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202116000446"]}]},{"name":"Post-doctoral program","award":["B202316008164"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B202316008164"]}]},{"name":"Post-doctoral program","award":["2022ZZTS0940"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022ZZTS0940"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research project of Hunan Provincial Health Commission","award":["82200812"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82200812"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research project of Hunan Provincial Health Commission","award":["81974090"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81974090"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research project of Hunan Provincial Health Commission","award":["2022JJ30968"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022JJ30968"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research project of Hunan Provincial Health Commission","award":["kq2202371"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["kq2202371"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research project of Hunan Provincial Health Commission","award":["2022M710171"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022M710171"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research project of Hunan Provincial Health Commission","award":["202116000446"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202116000446"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research project of Hunan Provincial Health Commission","award":["B202316008164"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B202316008164"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research project of Hunan Provincial Health Commission","award":["2022ZZTS0940"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022ZZTS0940"]}]},{"name":"Innovation of science and technology of Central South University","award":["82200812"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82200812"]}]},{"name":"Innovation of science and technology of Central South University","award":["81974090"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81974090"]}]},{"name":"Innovation of science and technology of Central South University","award":["2022JJ30968"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022JJ30968"]}]},{"name":"Innovation of science and technology of Central South University","award":["kq2202371"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["kq2202371"]}]},{"name":"Innovation of science and technology of Central South University","award":["2022M710171"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022M710171"]}]},{"name":"Innovation of science and technology of Central South University","award":["202116000446"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202116000446"]}]},{"name":"Innovation of science and technology of Central South University","award":["B202316008164"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B202316008164"]}]},{"name":"Innovation of science and technology of Central South University","award":["2022ZZTS0940"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022ZZTS0940"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The molecular mechanisms underlying lupus nephritis (LN) pathogenesis are not fully understood. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is involved in many pathological and physiological processes. We sought to investigate the roles of H2S in LN pathogenesis. H2S synthase cystathionine\u2013lyase (CSE) and cystathionine\u2013synthetase (CBS) expression was downregulated in renal tissues of patients with LN and their levels were associated with LN\u2019s prognosis using the Nephroseq database. Reduced CSE and CBS protein expression in kidney tissues of LN patients and MRL\/lpr mice were confirmed by immunohistochemistry. CSE and CBS mRNA levels were reduced in MRL\/lpr and pristine- and R848-induced lupus mice. Given that H2S exerts an anti-inflammatory role partly via regulating inflammatory transcription factors (TFs), we analyzed hub TFs by using a bioinformatics approach. It showed that STAT1, RELA, and T-cell-related signaling pathways were enriched in LN. Increased STAT1 and RELA expression were confirmed in renal tissues of LN patients. Treatment of MRL\/lpr and pristine mice with H2S donors alleviated systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) phenotypes and renal injury. H2S donors inhibited RELA level and T-cell infiltration in the kidneys of MRL\/lpr and pristine mice. Our data indicated that CSE\/CBS\/H2S contributes to LN pathogenesis. Supplementation of H2S would be a potential therapeutic strategy for LN.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology12020318","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,17]],"date-time":"2023-02-17T01:59:24Z","timestamp":1676599164000},"page":"318","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Reduced Renal CSE\/CBS\/H2S Contributes to the Progress of Lupus Nephritis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5711-1367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China"},{"name":"International Collaborative Research Center for Medical Metabolomics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China"},{"name":"National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China"},{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yifei","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China"},{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3765-2585","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yueyuan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China"},{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China"},{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weiru","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China"},{"name":"National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1565-327X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xin","family":"Ni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Collaborative Research Center for Medical Metabolomics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China"},{"name":"National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2017.85","article-title":"Redefining lupus nephritis: Clinical implications of pathophysiologic subtypes","volume":"13","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2022.102871","article-title":"Lupus nephritis: New progress in diagnosis and treatment","volume":"132","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.05780616","article-title":"Update on Lupus Nephritis","volume":"12","author":"Almaani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.2174\/1574884713666180403150359","article-title":"Lupus Nephritis: A Treatment Update","volume":"13","author":"Aziz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0000000000000642","article-title":"Lupus nephritis: Challenges and progress","volume":"31","author":"Davidson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2013010026","article-title":"The pathogenesis of lupus nephritis","volume":"24","author":"Lech","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0000000000000777","article-title":"Cellular aspects of the pathogenesis of lupus nephritis","volume":"33","author":"Chang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1709","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-7254.2007.00629.x","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide: Third gaseous transmitter, but with great pharmacological potential","volume":"28","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2014.05.014","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide and nitric oxide interactions in inflammation","volume":"41","author":"Faro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1568","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.01568","article-title":"Role of Endothelial Dysfunction in Cardiovascular Diseases: The Link Between Inflammation and Hydrogen Sulfide","volume":"10","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2020.8249","article-title":"New Therapeutic Approaches Using Hydrogen Sulfide Donors in Inflammation and Immune Response","volume":"35","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2020.8211","article-title":"Hydrogen Sulfide in Inflammation: A Novel Mediator and Therapeutic Target","volume":"34","author":"Bhatia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfv226","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide accelerates the recovery of kidney tubules after renal ischemia\/reperfusion injury","volume":"30","author":"Han","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"121","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide ameliorates the kidney dysfunction and damage in cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in rat","volume":"5","author":"Ahangarpour","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Res. Forum."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2015.02.061","article-title":"Hydrogen sulphide as a novel therapy to ameliorate cyclosporine nephrotoxicity","volume":"197","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.3109\/0886022X.2014.900599","article-title":"Protective effect of hydrogen sulfide on gentamicin-induced renal injury","volume":"36","author":"Otunctemur","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ren. Fail."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb3763","article-title":"Diet posttranslationally modifies the mouse gut microbial proteome to modulate renal function","volume":"369","author":"Lobel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2872","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000000537","article-title":"Involvement of hydrogen sulfide in the progression of renal fibrosis","volume":"132","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sato, S., Zhang, X.-K., Temmoku, J., Fujita, Y., Matsuoka, N., Yashiro-Furuya, M., Asano, T., Kobayashi, H., Watanabe, H., and Migita, K. (2020). Ets Family Transcription Factor Fli-1 Promotes Leukocyte Recruitment and Production of IL-17A in the MRL\/Lpr Mouse Model of Lupus Nephritis. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9030714"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2010.438","article-title":"Targeting transcription factor Stat4 uncovers a role for interleukin-18 in the pathogenesis of severe lupus nephritis in mice","volume":"79","author":"Menke","year":"2011","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.1002\/art.41685","article-title":"Camptothecin and Topotecan, Inhibitors of Transcription Factor Fli-1 and Topoisomerase, Markedly Ameliorate Lupus Nephritis in (NZB x NZW)F1 Mice and Reduce the Production of Inflammatory Mediators in Human Renal Cells","volume":"73","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2013.248","article-title":"Role of Nrf2 in protection against acute kidney injury","volume":"84","author":"Shelton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1466","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.111.300166","article-title":"Elevated ecto-5\u2019-nucleotidase-mediated increased renal adenosine signaling via A2B adenosine receptor contributes to chronic hypertension","volume":"112","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2019.111779","article-title":"H2S alleviates renal injury and fibrosis in response to unilateral ureteral obstruction by regulating macrophage infiltration via inhibition of NLRP3 signaling","volume":"387","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38298","article-title":"Epicutaneous application of toll-like receptor 7 agonists leads to systemic autoimmunity in wild-type mice: A new model of systemic Lupus erythematosus","volume":"66","author":"Yokogawa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2019.111507","article-title":"Bromodomain-containing protein 4 contributes to renal fibrosis through the induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition","volume":"383","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1103031","article-title":"Cross-species transcriptional network analysis defines shared inflammatory responses in murine and human lupus nephritis","volume":"189","author":"Berthier","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfy125","article-title":"Immune gene expression in kidney biopsies of lupus nephritis patients at diagnosis and at renal flare","volume":"34","author":"Parikh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1902880","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.201902880","article-title":"ImmuCellAI: A Unique Method for Comprehensive T-Cell Subsets Abundance Prediction and its Application in Cancer Immunotherapy","volume":"7","author":"Miao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564281","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.564281","article-title":"Roles of Hydrogen Sulfide Donors in Common Kidney Diseases","volume":"11","author":"Ngowi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1159\/000350097","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide inhibits abnormal proliferation of lymphocytes via AKT\/GSK3beta signal pathway in systemic lupus erythematosus patients","volume":"31","author":"Han","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-018-0037-8","article-title":"Cystathionine-gamma-lyase ameliorates the histone demethylase JMJD3-mediated autoimmune response in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"16","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.1006599","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide induces the synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines in human monocyte cell line U937 via the ERK-NF-kappaB pathway","volume":"81","author":"Zhi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6492469","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/6492469","article-title":"The H2S Donor NaHS Changes the Expression Pattern of H2S-Producing Enzymes after Myocardial Infarction","volume":"2016","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, K., Liu, Y., Zhu, Q., Liu, C.H., Duan, J.L., Tan, B.K., and Zhu, Y.Z. (2011). H2S donor, S-propargyl-cysteine, increases CSE in SGC-7901 and cancer-induced mice: Evidence for a novel anti-cancer effect of endogenous H2S?. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0020525"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0141-9","article-title":"Lupus nephritis","volume":"6","author":"Anders","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-020-00978-5","article-title":"T Cell Abnormalities in the Pathogenesis of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: An Update","volume":"23","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Rheumatol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01088","article-title":"Aberrant T Cell Signaling and Subsets in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus","volume":"9","author":"Katsuyama","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201344280","article-title":"Regulatory T cells in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"45","author":"Ohl","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0b013e328349a255","article-title":"Effector T-cell subsets in systemic lupus erythematosus: Update focusing on Th17 cells","volume":"23","author":"Shin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2015.89","article-title":"The regulation of the Treg\/Th17 balance by mesenchymal stem cells in human systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2015.03.002","article-title":"Lupus Risk Variant Increases pSTAT1 Binding and Decreases ETS1 Expression","volume":"96","author":"Lu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2022.103134","article-title":"New insights for regulatory T cell in lupus nephritis","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2017.112","article-title":"T helper type 17 cells in immune-mediated glomerular disease","volume":"13","author":"Krebs","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-019-0398-x","article-title":"The immune cell landscape in kidneys of patients with lupus nephritis","volume":"20","author":"Arazi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e93009","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.93009","article-title":"Single cell RNA sequencing to dissect the molecular heterogeneity in lupus nephritis","volume":"2","author":"Der","year":"2017","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3154","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2015-11-679902","article-title":"Heterozygous STAT1 gain-of-function mutations underlie an unexpectedly broad clinical phenotype","volume":"127","author":"Toubiana","year":"2016","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2015.72","article-title":"Transcription factor IRF8 controls Th1-like regulatory T-cell function","volume":"13","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."}],"container-title":["Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-7737\/12\/2\/318\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:38:33Z","timestamp":1760121513000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-7737\/12\/2\/318"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,16]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["biology12020318"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biology12020318","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-7737"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-7737","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,16]]}}}