{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:55:11Z","timestamp":1760147711972,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":115,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,26]],"date-time":"2023-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677369600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007514","name":"University of Pisa","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PRA_2020_77"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRA_2020_77"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007514","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The genomes of metazoans are organized at multiple spatial scales, ranging from the double helix of DNA to whole chromosomes. The intermediate genomic scale of kilobases to megabases, which corresponds to the 50\u2013300 nm spatial scale, is particularly interesting, as the 3D arrangement of chromatin is implicated in multiple regulatory mechanisms. In this context, polycomb group (PcG) proteins stand as major epigenetic modulators of chromatin function, acting prevalently as repressors of gene transcription by combining chemical modifications of target histones with physical crosslinking of distal genomic regions and phase separation. The recent development of super-resolution microscopy (SRM) has strongly contributed to improving our comprehension of several aspects of nano-\/mesoscale (10\u2013200 nm) chromatin domains. Here, we review the current state-of-the-art SRM applied to PcG proteins, showing that the application of SRM to PcG activity and organization is still quite limited and mainly focused on the 3D assembly of PcG-controlled genomic loci. In this context, SRM approaches have mostly been applied to multilabel fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). However, SRM data have complemented the maps obtained from chromosome capture experiments and have opened a new window to observe how 3D chromatin topology is modulated by PcGs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology12030374","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]],"date-time":"2023-02-27T02:22:16Z","timestamp":1677464536000},"page":"374","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["On the Advent of Super-Resolution Microscopy in the Realm of Polycomb Proteins"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4343-0006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irene","family":"Nepita","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanoscopy, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via E. Melen 83, 16152 Genova, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simonluca","family":"Piazza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Microscopy and Spectroscopy, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via E. Melen 83, 16152 Genova, Italy"},{"name":"R&D Department, Genoa Instruments s.r.l., Via E. Melen 83, 16152 Genova, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"Ruglioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 65, 56126 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sofia","family":"Cristiani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 65, 56126 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emanuele","family":"Bosurgi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 65, 56126 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tiziano","family":"Salvadori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 65, 56126 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Vicidomini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Microscopy and Spectroscopy, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via E. Melen 83, 16152 Genova, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4916-5928","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Diaspro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanoscopy, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via E. Melen 83, 16152 Genova, Italy"},{"name":"DIFILAB, Dipartimento di Fisica, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4472-6968","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Castello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanoscopy, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via E. Melen 83, 16152 Genova, Italy"},{"name":"R&D Department, Genoa Instruments s.r.l., Via E. Melen 83, 16152 Genova, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1985-2049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Cerase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Strada Statale dell\u2019Abetone Brennero 4, 56123 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6457-751X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Bianchini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanoscopy, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via E. Melen 83, 16152 Genova, Italy"},{"name":"DIFILAB, Dipartimento di Fisica, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2758-0426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Storti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8222-2672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ranieri","family":"Bizzarri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanoscopy, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via E. Melen 83, 16152 Genova, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 65, 56126 Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, E.G., Ha, H., Lee, D.H., Kim, W.R., Lee, Y.J., Bae, W.H., and Kim, H.S. (2022). Genomic Analyses of Non-Coding RNAs Overlapping Transposable Elements and Its Implication to Human Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23168950"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg.2017.57","article-title":"The interplay of epigenetic marks during stem cell differentiation and development","volume":"18","author":"Atlasi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. 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