{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:01:14Z","timestamp":1760148074199,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]],"date-time":"2023-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679616000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Purpose: Autonomic control is important in maintaining ocular integrity. As recent data suggested that intrinsic choroidal neurons (ICN), an intrinsic choroidal autonomic control, may regulate choroidal thickening via release of the vasodilative vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), it was the aim of the study to investigate the level of choroidal VIP (VIPchor) in the presence of an increased atmospheric pressure in a chicken model. Methods: Chicken choroidal whole mounts were exposed to ambient pressure (n = 20) and 40 mm Hg (n = 20) in a PC-controlled, open chamber system for 24 and 72 h, respectively. The VIP concentration was analyzed by ELISA, and the total protein concentration was measured by the BCA assay. Statistical analysis was done using an unpaired two-tailed t-test. Results: The pressurization systems enabled choroidal whole mount pressurization (40 mm Hg) with humidifying, pressure, temperature, and gas exchange. Overall, the VIPchor level concentration was significantly increased at 40 mmHg compared to the ambient pressure (30.09 \u00b1 7.18 pg vs. 20.69 \u00b1 3.24 pg; p &lt; 0.0001). Subgroup analysis yielded a significantly increased VIPchor level at 40 mmHg compared to the ambient pressure after 24 h (28.42 \u00b1 6.03 pg vs. 20.76 \u00b1 4.06 pg; p = 0.005) and 72 h (31.77 \u00b1 7.82 pg vs. 20.61 \u00b1 2.12 pg; p = 0.002), respectively. The VIPchor elevation at 40 mm Hg ranged between 1.37- (24 h) and 1.54-fold (72 h) compared to the ambient pressure. No difference was observed between the VIPchor level at 24 h and 72 h (p &gt; 0.05). Conclusions: The increase of the total choroidal VIP level, representing the intracellular VIP content, in the presence of an increased ambient pressure argues for a retention of VIP within the neurons, decreasing both vasodilatation and, consequently, choroid thickness. This finding might be a passive or even active function of ICN in the regulation of choroidal thickness, ocular integrity and IOP.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology12040495","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]],"date-time":"2023-03-24T08:43:03Z","timestamp":1679647383000},"page":"495","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Pressure-Dependent Elevation of Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Level in Chicken Choroid"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Evgeny","family":"Privalov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Universit\u00e4t of Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, Friedrich-Alexander-University-Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0141-120X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthias","family":"Zenkel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Universit\u00e4t of Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, Friedrich-Alexander-University-Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ursula","family":"Schloetzer-Schrehardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Universit\u00e4t of Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, Friedrich-Alexander-University-Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6119-605X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefanie","family":"Kuerten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuroanatomy, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Bergua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Universit\u00e4t of Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, Friedrich-Alexander-University-Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2546-5504","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bettina","family":"Hohberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Universit\u00e4t of Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, Friedrich-Alexander-University-Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00213222","article-title":"Autonomic innervation of the ocular choroid membrane in the chicken: A fluorescence-histochemical and electron-microscopic study","volume":"222","author":"Guglielmone","year":"1982","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4835(91)90138-5","article-title":"Effects of some neuropeptides on the uvea","volume":"53","author":"Bill","year":"1991","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861(19970929)386:3<422::AID-CNE7>3.0.CO;2-3","article-title":"Innervation of orbital and choroidal blood vessels by the pterygopalatine ganglion in pigeons","volume":"386","author":"Cuthbertson","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1091910304","article-title":"Development of adrenergic innervation of the iris and fluorescent ganglion cells in the choroid of the chick eye","volume":"191","author":"Kirby","year":"1978","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00198327","article-title":"Nitrergic and VIPergic neurons in the choroid and ciliary ganglion of the duck Anis carina","volume":"193","author":"Bergua","year":"1996","journal-title":"Anat. Embryol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.1990.43","article-title":"Control of retinal and choroidal blood flow","volume":"4","author":"Bill","year":"1990","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresrev.2006.06.002","article-title":"Peptidergic nerves in the eye, their source and potential pathophysiological relevance","volume":"53","author":"Troger","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01203340","article-title":"Peripheral neural circuits regulating IOP? A review of its anatomical backbone","volume":"87","author":"Beckers","year":"1994","journal-title":"Doc. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"439","article-title":"Autonomic control of the eye","volume":"5","author":"McDougal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Compr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-8206.1988.tb00643.x","article-title":"Neurotransmitters and intraocular pressure","volume":"2","author":"Lapalus","year":"1988","journal-title":"Fundam. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/s00418-010-0723-9","article-title":"Intrinsic choroidal neurons in the chicken eye: Chemical coding and synaptic input","volume":"134","author":"Brehmer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Histochem. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"179","article-title":"Ueber glatte Muskeln und Nervengeflechte der Choroidea im menschlichen Auge","volume":"10","year":"1859","journal-title":"Verh. Phys.-Med. Ges. W\u00fcrzburg"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9071.1983.tb01077.x","article-title":"Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide immunoreactive nerve fibres in the human eye","volume":"11","author":"Miller","year":"1983","journal-title":"Aust. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"592","article-title":"Species differences in choroidal vasodilative innervation: Evidence for specific intrinsic nitrergic and VIP-positive neurons in the human eye","volume":"35","author":"Tamm","year":"1994","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"77","article-title":"NADPH-D reactive choroid ganglion cells in the human","volume":"203","author":"Bergua","year":"1993","journal-title":"Klin. Monbl. Augenheilkd."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2018.01.027","article-title":"VIP changes during daytime in chicken intrinsic choroidal neurons","volume":"170","author":"Hohberger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1002\/1096-9861(20000911)425:1<24::AID-CNE3>3.0.CO;2-K","article-title":"Intrinsic choroidal neurons in the duck eye express galanin","volume":"425","author":"Brehmer","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-002-0257-6","article-title":"Distribution and organization of the nerve fiber and ganglion cells of the human choroid","volume":"205","author":"Salazar","year":"2002","journal-title":"Anat. Embryol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kolmer, W., and Lauber, H. (1936). Haut Und Sinnesorgane: Auge, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-21655-2"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Schroedl, F. (2009). Neuropeptides in the Eye, Research Signpost."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2003.11.007","article-title":"Comparative anatomy of nitrergic intrinsic choroidal neurons (ICN) in various avian species","volume":"78","author":"Schroedl","year":"2004","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1091410107","article-title":"Innervation of the eye","volume":"141","author":"Beatie","year":"1961","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"4268","article-title":"Association of a choroidal ganglion cell plexus with the fovea centralis","volume":"35","author":"Kaufman","year":"1994","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1006\/exer.2000.0940","article-title":"Intrinsic Neurons in the Duck Choroid are Contacted by CGRP-Immunoreactive Nerve Fibres: Evidence for a Local Pre-central Reflex Arc in the Eye","volume":"72","author":"Schweigert","year":"2001","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.03-0624","article-title":"Immunohistochemical classification and functional morphology of human choroidal ganglion cells","volume":"45","author":"May","year":"2004","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4835(82)90043-4","article-title":"Cytoarchitecture of choroidal melanocytes","volume":"35","author":"Matsusaka","year":"1982","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"951","article-title":"Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and the ocular innervation","volume":"27","author":"Stone","year":"1986","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2005.09.015","article-title":"Choroidal innervation in primate eyes","volume":"82","year":"2006","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1159\/000310728","article-title":"Presence of a contractile cell network in the human choroid","volume":"210","author":"May","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ophthalmologica"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2009.12.002","article-title":"The multifunctional choroid","volume":"29","author":"Nickla","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1006\/exer.1997.0420","article-title":"Visual influences on diurnal rhythms in ocular length and choroidal thickness in chick eyes","volume":"66","author":"Nickla","year":"1998","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1006\/exer.1997.0425","article-title":"A The circadian rhythm in intraocular pressure and its relation to diurnal ocular growth changes in chicks","volume":"66","author":"Nickla","year":"1998","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1670","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2005.05.007","article-title":"Variation of 24-hour intraocular pressure in healthy individuals: Right eye versus left eye","volume":"112","author":"Liu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"705","article-title":"The diurnal curve in man: New observations","volume":"12","author":"Henkind","year":"1973","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-198701000-00010","article-title":"Diurnal variation of intraocular pressure and the overriding effects of sleep","volume":"64","author":"Frampton","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am. J. Optom. Physiol. Opt."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.3109\/02713689608997412","article-title":"Circadian rhythm of intraocular pressure in the rat","volume":"15","author":"Moore","year":"1996","journal-title":"Curr. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2007.00525.x","article-title":"Circadian rhythm of intraocular pressure in cats","volume":"10","author":"Sande","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Berhardt, L.V. (2017). Advances in Medicine and Biology, Nova Science Publishers."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"e05849","article-title":"Slaughter of animals: Poultry","volume":"17","author":"Nielsen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Efsa J."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection (2022, March 20). Animal Welfare Act (Germany). Available online: https:\/\/www.animallaw.info\/statute\/germany-cruelty-german-animal-welfare-act."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ogla.2020.11.005","article-title":"Seasonal Fluctuation in intraocular pressure and retinal nerve fiber layer thinning in primary open-angle glaucoma","volume":"4","author":"Terauchi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ophthalmol. Glaucoma"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.2013.0185","article-title":"Intraocular pressure homeostasis: Maintaining balance in a high-pressure environment","volume":"30","author":"Acott","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Ocul. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2016.05.018","article-title":"Intraocular pressure fluctuations of growing chick eyes are suppressed in constant light conditions","volume":"148","author":"Wahl","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.08-1779","article-title":"In vivo human choroidal thickness measurements: Evidence for diurnal fluctuations","volume":"50","author":"Brown","year":"2009","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6363(00)00229-7","article-title":"Vasoactive intestinal peptide: Cardiovascular effects","volume":"49","author":"Henning","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.18039.1","article-title":"Recent advances in vasoactive intestinal peptide physiology and pathophysiology: Focus on the gastrointestinal system","volume":"8","author":"Iwasaki","year":"2019","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1984.tb07470.x","article-title":"Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP): Effects in the eye and on regional blood flows","volume":"121","author":"Nilsson","year":"1984","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"040801","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4029016","article-title":"Device-based in vitro techniques for mechanical stimulation of vascular cells: A review","volume":"137","author":"Davis","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biomech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(99)00177-3","article-title":"Techniques for mechanical stimulation of cells in vitro: A review","volume":"33","author":"Brown","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(01)00237-8","article-title":"A cell-culture system for long-term maintenance of elevated hydrostatic pressure with the option of additional tension","volume":"35","author":"Hasel","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2017.06.004","article-title":"The chick eye in vision research: An excellent model for the study of ocular disease","volume":"61","author":"Wisely","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692609","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/692609","article-title":"Animal models of glaucoma","volume":"2012","author":"Bouhenni","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1126\/science.125.3251.741.a","article-title":"Enlargement of avian eye by subjecting chicks to continuous incandescent illumination","volume":"125","author":"Jensen","year":"1957","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-106-26505","article-title":"Effects of exposure to continuous light on the eye of the growing chick","volume":"106","author":"Lauber","year":"1961","journal-title":"Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"213","article-title":"Light-induced angle-closure glaucoma in the domestic fowl","volume":"8","author":"Smith","year":"1969","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"872","article-title":"Genesis of light-induced avian glaucoma","volume":"13","author":"Kinnear","year":"1974","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/s004410100362","article-title":"Intrinsic choroidal neurons in the duck eye receive sympathetic input: Anatomical evidence for adrenergic modulation of nitrergic functions in the choroid","volume":"304","author":"Tines","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2010.10.004","article-title":"Autonomic control of the eye and the iris","volume":"165","author":"Neuhuber","year":"2011","journal-title":"Auton. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1838(00)00127-2","article-title":"Types of neurons in the enteric nervous system","volume":"81","author":"Furness","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Auton. Nerv. Syst."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3705","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.03-0232","article-title":"Intrinsic choroidal neurons in the human eye: Projections, targets, and basic electrophysiological data","volume":"44","author":"Tassignon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1006\/exer.1997.0421","article-title":"Ocular axial length and choroidal thickness in newly hatched chicks and one-year-old chickens fluctuate in a diurnal pattern that is influenced by visual experience and intraocular pressure changes","volume":"66","author":"Papastergiou","year":"1998","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1126\/science.169.3951.1217","article-title":"Polypeptide with broad biological activity: Isolation from small intestine","volume":"169","author":"Said","year":"1970","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Takei, Y., Ando, H., and Tsutsui, K. (2016). Handbook of Hormones, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1089\/dna.1985.4.293","article-title":"Structure of the human vasoactive intestinal polypeptide gene","volume":"4","author":"Tsukada","year":"1985","journal-title":"DNA"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1038\/304547a0","article-title":"Human preprovasoactive intestinal polypeptide contains a novel PHI-27-like peptide, PHM-27","volume":"304","author":"Itoh","year":"1983","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"221","article-title":"VIP and PACAP","volume":"50","author":"Fahrenkrug","year":"2010","journal-title":"Results Probl. Cell. Differ."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.4236\/ijcm.2011.24084","article-title":"Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) and VIP Receptors-Elucidation of Structure and Function for Therapeutic Applications","volume":"2","author":"Igarashi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6603","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.78.11.6603","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of the intestinal peptide porcine PHI (PHI-27), a new member of the glucagon--secretin family","volume":"78","author":"Tatemoto","year":"1981","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(80)81124-0","article-title":"Porcine peptide having N-terminal histidine and C-terminal isoleucine amide (PHI)","volume":"114","author":"Bataille","year":"1980","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Langer, I., Jeandriens, J., Couvineau, A., Sanmukh, S., and Latek, D. (2022). Signal Transduction by VIP and PACAP Receptors. Biomedicines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10020406"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0773.1993.tb01344.x","article-title":"Transmitter role of vasoactive intestinal peptide","volume":"72","author":"Fahrenkrug","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pharm. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02740606","article-title":"VIP: Molecular biology and neurobiological function","volume":"3","author":"Gozes","year":"1989","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/0149-7634(94)00057-8","article-title":"Role of VIP in the regulation of LH secretion in the female rat","volume":"19","author":"Weick","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-328X(87)90007-6","article-title":"Developmental expression of the VIP-gene in brain and intestine","volume":"388","author":"Gozes","year":"1987","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2039-9","article-title":"Feeding-dependent VIP neuron-ILC3 circuit regulates the intestinal barrier","volume":"579","author":"Talbot","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852358","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.852358","article-title":"Vasoactive intestinal peptide-VIPR2 signaling regulates tumor cell migration","volume":"12","author":"Asano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1097\/MPA.0000000000001402","article-title":"Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide-Secreting Tumors: A Review","volume":"48","author":"Siddappa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pancreas"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6418","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-34242-4","article-title":"Targeting vasoactive intestinal peptide-mediated signaling enhances response to immune checkpoint therapy in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","volume":"13","author":"Ravindranathan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6798","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-26882-9","article-title":"G-protein-coupled receptor P2Y10 facilitates chemokine-induced CD4 T cell migration through autocrine\/paracrine mediators","volume":"12","author":"Gurusamy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837230","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.837230","article-title":"Adenosine-A2A Receptor Pathway in Cancer Immunotherapy","volume":"13","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2014.02.010","article-title":"Implications of non-canonical G-protein signaling for the immune system","volume":"26","author":"Boularan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Signal."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2012.09.009","article-title":"Axial length and choroidal thickness changes accompanying prolonged accommodation in myopes and emmetropes","volume":"72","author":"Woodman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vis. Res."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6414","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-17102","article-title":"Regional Changes in Choroidal Thickness Associated With Accommodation","volume":"56","author":"Read","year":"2015","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5289","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-25590-8","article-title":"Capillary-associated microglia regulate vascular structure and function through PANX1-P2RY12 coupling in mice","volume":"12","author":"Bisht","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2017.12.001","article-title":"Neural control of choroidal blood flow","volume":"64","author":"Reiner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1097\/IJG.0000000000000166","article-title":"Is There Any Role for the Choroid in Glaucoma?","volume":"25","author":"Goharian","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Glaucoma"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1097\/00061198-200304000-00013","article-title":"Possible mechanisms of primary angle-closure and malignant glaucoma","volume":"12","author":"Quigley","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Glaucoma"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1676","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2015-308062","article-title":"Intraocular pressure elevation and choroidal thinning","volume":"100","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3278","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-21598","article-title":"The Effect of Change in Intraocular Pressure on Choroidal Structure in Glaucomatous Eyes","volume":"58","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S44884","article-title":"Changes in axial length and choroidal thickness after intraocular pressure reduction resulting from trabeculectomy","volume":"7","author":"Usui","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-021-02123-2","article-title":"Ocular blood flow and choroidal thickness in ocular hypertension","volume":"42","author":"Bayraktar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-012-0173-0","article-title":"Changes in choroidal thickness and optical axial length accompanying intraocular pressure increase","volume":"56","author":"Hata","year":"2012","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2608","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-13595","article-title":"Changes in Choroidal Thickness After Trabeculectomy in Primary Angle Closure Glaucoma","volume":"55","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2013-304433","article-title":"Change in choroidal thickness and axial length with change in intraocular pressure after trabeculectomy","volume":"98","author":"Saeedi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.13057","article-title":"Changes in choroidal thickness after intraocular pressure reduction following trabeculectomy","volume":"94","author":"Kadziauskiene","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2013.116","article-title":"Changes in choroidal thickness, axial length, and ocular perfusion pressure accompanying successful glaucoma filtration surgery","volume":"27","author":"Kara","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eye"}],"container-title":["Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-7737\/12\/4\/495\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:02:21Z","timestamp":1760122941000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-7737\/12\/4\/495"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]]},"references-count":96,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["biology12040495"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biology12040495","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-7737"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2079-7737"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]]}}}