{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T03:18:50Z","timestamp":1790219930000,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":119,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,29]],"date-time":"2023-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680048000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"RSF","award":["22-26-00079"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22-26-00079"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Zinc is a powerful immunomodulatory trace element, and its deficiency in the body is closely associated with changes in immune functions and viral infections, including SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19. The creation of new forms of zinc delivery to target cells can make it possible to obtain smart chains of food ingredients. Recent evidence supports the idea that the optimal intake of zinc or bioactive compounds in appropriate supplements should be considered as part of a strategy to generate an immune response in the human body. Therefore, controlling the amount of this element in the diet is especially important for populations at risk of zinc deficiency, who are more susceptible to the severe progression of viral infection and disease, such as COVID-19. Convergent approaches such as micro- and nano-encapsulation develop new ways to treat zinc deficiency and make zinc more bioavailable.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology12040514","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]],"date-time":"2023-03-30T02:23:46Z","timestamp":1680143026000},"page":"514","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Improving Dietary Zinc Bioavailability Using New Food Fortification Approaches: A Promising Tool to Boost Immunity in the Light of COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7436-200X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marouane","family":"Chemek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food and Biotechnology, South Ural State University, 454080 Chelyabinsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2755-1497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ammar","family":"Kadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food and Biotechnology, South Ural State University, 454080 Chelyabinsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8795-1065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Svetlana","family":"Merenkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food and Biotechnology, South Ural State University, 454080 Chelyabinsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1941-6754","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irina","family":"Potoroko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food and Biotechnology, South Ural State University, 454080 Chelyabinsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4025-8765","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Imed","family":"Messaoudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire LR11ES41 G\u00e9n\u00e9tique Biodiversit\u00e9 et Valorisation des Bio-Ressourc\u00e9s, Institut Sup\u00e9rieur de Biotechnologie de Monastir, Universit\u00e9de Monastir, Monastir 5000, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Matteo, G., Spano, M., Grosso, M., Salvo, A., Ingallina, C., Russo, M., Ritieni, A., and Mannina, L. (2020). Food and COVID-19: Preventive\/Co-Therapeutic Strategies Explored by Current Clinical Trials and in Silico Studies. Foods, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods9081036"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prasad, A.S., and Bao, B. (2019). Molecular Mechanisms of Zinc as a Pro-Antioxidant Mediator: Clinical Therapeutic Implications. Antioxidants, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox8060164"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.07.007","article-title":"The Role of Zinc, Copper, Manganese and Iron in Neurodegenerative Diseases","volume":"74","author":"Mezzaroba","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1111\/jhn.12791","article-title":"Zinc Deficiency in Low- and Middle-income Countries: Prevalence and Approaches for Mitigation","volume":"33","author":"Gupta","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hum. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wessells, K.R., and Brown, K.H. (2012). Estimating the Global Prevalence of Zinc Deficiency: Results Based on Zinc Availability in National Food Supplies and the Prevalence of Stunting. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0050568"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maywald, M., and Rink, L. (2022). Zinc in Human Health and Infectious Diseases. Biomolecules, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12121748"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.3945\/an.112.003210","article-title":"Discovery of Human Zinc Deficiency: Its Impact on Human Health and Disease","volume":"4","author":"Prasad","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Institute of Medicine (US) Panel on Micronutrients (2001). Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maares, M., and Haase, H. (2020). A Guide to Human Zinc Absorption: General Overview and Recent Advances of In Vitro Intestinal Models. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12030762"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1021\/pr050361j","article-title":"Counting the Zinc-Proteins Encoded in the Human Genome","volume":"5","author":"Andreini","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmz013","article-title":"The Role of Zinc in Antiviral Immunity","volume":"10","author":"Read","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2010.01.004","article-title":"Evaluation of Involvement of Testicular Metallothionein Gene Expression in the Protective Effect of Zinc against Cadmium-Induced Testicular Pathophysiology in Rat","volume":"29","author":"Messaoudi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1002\/mrd.23345","article-title":"Cadmium-induced Toxicity Increases Prolyl Endopeptidase (PREP) Expression in the Rat Testis","volume":"87","author":"Venditti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Reprod. Dev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2016.06.005","article-title":"Protective Role of Zinc against the Toxicity Induced by Exposure to Cadmium during Gestation and Lactation on Testis Development","volume":"63","author":"Chemek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.25923","article-title":"Involvement of Testicular DAAM1 Expression in Zinc Protection against Cadmium-Induced Male Rat Reproductive Toxicity","volume":"233","author":"Chemek","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"144","article-title":"Zinc and Its Importance for Human Health: An Integrative Review","volume":"18","author":"Roohani","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Res. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00035.2014","article-title":"The Physiological, Biochemical, and Molecular Roles of Zinc Transporters in Zinc Homeostasis and Metabolism","volume":"95","author":"Kambe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1360","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/130.5.1360S","article-title":"Zinc Homeostasis in Humans","volume":"130","author":"King","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-015-0255-1","article-title":"Changes of the MRNA Expression Pattern of Zn Transporters: A Probable Mechanism for Cadmium Retention and Zinc Redistribution in the Suckling Rat Tissues","volume":"165","author":"Chemek","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kimura, T., and Kambe, T. (2016). The Functions of Metallothionein and ZIP and ZnT Transporters: An Overview and Perspective. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17030336"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2021.130513","article-title":"Novel Approach for Biosynthesizing of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Lactobacillus Gasseri and Their Influence on Microbiological, Chemical, Sensory Properties of Integrated Yogurt","volume":"365","author":"Youssef","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, X., Qian, M., Yang, Z., Xu, T., and Han, X. (2021). Effects of Zinc Sources and Levels on Growth Performance, Zinc Status, Expressions of Zinc Transporters, and Zinc Bioavailability in Weaned Piglets. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11092515"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3184","DOI":"10.3390\/nu5083184","article-title":"Iron and Zinc Nutrition in the Economically-Developed World: A Review","volume":"5","author":"Lim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hall, A.G., and King, J.C. (2022). Zinc Fortification: Current Trends and Strategies. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14193895"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2020.1846014","article-title":"Revisiting Phytate-Element Interactions: Implications for Iron, Zinc and Calcium Bioavailability, with Emphasis on Legumes","volume":"62","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"24","article-title":"Effect of Germination and Temperature on Phytic Acid Content of Cereals","volume":"8","author":"Kumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Res. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2167","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.116.237081","article-title":"Hepcidin Attenuates Zinc Efflux in Caco-2 Cells","volume":"146","author":"Hennigar","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grzeszczak, K., Kwiatkowski, S., and Kosik-Bogacka, D. (2020). The Role of Fe, Zn, and Cu in Pregnancy. Biomolecules, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10081176"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jouanne, M., Oddoux, S., No\u00ebl, A., and Voisin-Chiret, A.S. (2021). Nutrient Requirements during Pregnancy and Lactation. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13020692"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.2478\/acb-2019-0005","article-title":"The Dark Side of the Breastfeeding: In the Light of Endocrine Disruptors","volume":"7","author":"Chemek","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.120114","article-title":"Effect of Bisphenol S on Testicular Tissue after Low-Dose Lactation Exposure","volume":"315","author":"Chemek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-nutr-122019-120635","article-title":"Dietary and Physiological Effects of Zinc on the Immune System","volume":"41","author":"Wessels","year":"2021","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.2119\/2008-00033.Prasad","article-title":"Zinc in Human Health: Effect of Zinc on Immune Cells","volume":"14","author":"Prasad","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wessels, I., Maywald, M., and Rink, L. (2017). Zinc as a Gatekeeper of Immune Function. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9121286"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prasad, A.S., Malysa, A., Bepler, G., Fribley, A., and Bao, B. (2022). The Mechanisms of Zinc Action as a Potent Anti-Viral Agent: The Clinical Therapeutic Implication in COVID-19. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11101862"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.1829","article-title":"Zinc and Gut Microbiota in Health and Gastrointestinal Disease under the COVID-19 Suggestion","volume":"48","author":"Scarpellini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biofactors"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-019-0151-6","article-title":"Epigenetic Regulation of the Innate Immune Response to Infection","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sen, R., and Barnes, C. (2021). Do Transgenerational Epigenetic Inheritance and Immune System Development Share Common Epigenetic Processes?. J. Dev. Biol., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jdb9020020"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yusuf, A.P., Abubakar, M.B., Malami, I., Ibrahim, K.G., Abubakar, B., Bello, M.B., Qusty, N., Elazab, S.T., Imam, M.U., and Alexiou, A. (2021). Zinc Metalloproteins in Epigenetics and Their Crosstalk. Life, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/life11030186"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2016.02.003","article-title":"Influence of DNA-Methylation on Zinc Homeostasis in Myeloid Cells: Regulation of Zinc Transporters and Zinc Binding Proteins","volume":"37","author":"Kessels","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2556","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-021-02859-z","article-title":"Zinc and Respiratory Viral Infections: Important Trace Element in Anti-Viral Response and Immune Regulation","volume":"200","author":"Sadeghsoltani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galm\u00e9s, S., Serra, F., and Palou, A. (2020). Current State of Evidence: Influence of Nutritional and Nutrigenetic Factors on Immunity in the COVID-19 Pandemic Framework. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12092738"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2020.06.003","article-title":"The Key Role of Zinc in Elderly Immunity: A Possible Approach in the COVID-19 Crisis","volume":"38","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. ESPEN"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.109815","article-title":"Does Zinc Supplementation Enhance the Clinical Efficacy of Chloroquine\/Hydroxychloroquine to Win Today\u2019s Battle against COVID-19?","volume":"142","author":"Derwand","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3737","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.14826","article-title":"Zinc Supplementation as an Adjunct Therapy for COVID-19: Challenges and Opportunities","volume":"87","author":"Chinni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.06.006","article-title":"Treatment of SARS-CoV-2 with High Dose Oral Zinc Salts: A Report on Four Patients","volume":"99","author":"Finzi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6848","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.0c06046","article-title":"Investigating the Internalization and COVID-19 Antiviral Computational Analysis of Optimized Nanoscale Zinc Oxide","volume":"6","author":"Hamdi","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hendi, A.A., Virk, P., Awad, M.A., Elobeid, M., Ortashi, K.M.O., Alanazi, M.M., Alkallas, F.H., Almoneef, M.M., and Abdou, M.A. (2022). In Silico Studies on Zinc Oxide Based Nanostructured Oil Carriers with Seed Extracts of Nigella Sativa and Pimpinella Anisum as Potential Inhibitors of 3CL Protease of SARS-CoV-2. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27134301"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.2174\/1573409918999220921100030","article-title":"Prophylactic and Therapeutic Potential Zinc Metallodrugs Drug Discovery: Identification of SARS-CoV-2 Replication and Spike\/ACE2 Inhibitors","volume":"18","author":"Clayton","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Comput. Aided Drug Des."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2007.10.048","article-title":"Structural Basis of Mercury- and Zinc-Conjugated Complexes as SARS-CoV 3C-like Protease Inhibitors","volume":"581","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001176","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001176","article-title":"Zn(2+) Inhibits Coronavirus and Arterivirus RNA Polymerase Activity in Vitro and Zinc Ionophores Block the Replication of These Viruses in Cell Culture","volume":"6","author":"Sims","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jksus.2022.102296","article-title":"ZnO-Chlorogenic Acid Nanostructured Complex Inhibits COVID-19 Pathogenesis and Increases Hydroxychloroquine Efficacy","volume":"34","author":"Abomughaid","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. King Saud Univ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.22159\/ijap.2022v14i6.46015","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 3CL-Protease Inhibitors as Antiviral Agent against COVID-19","volume":"14","author":"Saadh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alrabayah, I.N., Elhawary, S.S., Kandil, Z.A., El-Kadder, E.M.A., Moemen, Y.S., Saleh, A.M., and El Raey, M.A. (2022). Green Synthesized Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Based on Cestrum Diurnum L. of Potential Antiviral Activity against Human Corona 229-E Virus. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28010266"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1007\/s40005-021-00544-w","article-title":"Nanoparticles of ZnO\/Berberine Complex Contract COVID-19 and Respiratory Co-Bacterial Infection in Addition to Elimination of Hydroxychloroquine Toxicity","volume":"51","author":"Ghareeb","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Investig."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amsu.2022.103638","article-title":"Immunomodulatory Effects of Zinc and Its Impact on COVID-19 Severity","volume":"77","author":"Dhawan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2021.02.015","article-title":"COVID-19 Pandemic: Can Zinc Supplementation Provide an Additional Shield against the Infection?","volume":"19","author":"Razzaque","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Struct. Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/56.3.491","article-title":"Effect of a Zinc-Fortified Formula on Immunocompetence and Growth of Malnourished Infants","volume":"56","author":"Schlesinger","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9656","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-014-9656-x","article-title":"Effects of Zinc-Fortified Drinking Skim Milk (as Functional Food) on Cytokine Release and Thymic Hormone Activity in Very Old Persons: A Pilot Study","volume":"36","author":"Costarelli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Age"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2022.06.423","article-title":"A Review on Role of Zinc as a Potent Immunity Boosting Agent","volume":"68","author":"Kanwar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2020.126621","article-title":"Phytochemical Composition and Nutritional Value of Different Plant Parts in Two Cultivated and Wild Purslane (Portulaca Oleracea L.) Genotypes","volume":"320","author":"Nemzer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2005.10.004","article-title":"Trace Elements in Foods: Zinc Contents of Raw Foods\u2014A Comparison of Data Originating from Different Geographical Regions of the World","volume":"19","author":"Scherz","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Food Compos. Anal."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2014.04.006","article-title":"Determination of Zinc Concentrations in Foods of Animal Origin, Fish and Shellfish from Croatia and Assessment of Their Contribution to Dietary Intake","volume":"35","author":"Sedak","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Food Compos. Anal."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, J., Gong, C., Wang, Z., Gao, R., Ren, J., Zhou, X., Wang, H., Xu, H., Xiao, F., and Cao, Y. (2019). Oyster-Derived Zinc-Binding Peptide Modified by Plastein Reaction via Zinc Chelation Promotes the Intestinal Absorption of Zinc. Mar. Drugs, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/md17060341"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111057","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2022.111057","article-title":"Enhancing the Nutritional Value of Portulaca Oleracea L. by Using Soilless Agronomic Biofortification with Zinc","volume":"155","author":"Durante","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gfs.2017.03.003","article-title":"Approaches to Reduce Zinc and Iron Deficits in Food Systems","volume":"15","author":"Gregory","year":"2017","journal-title":"Glob. Food Sec."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2018.02.009","article-title":"Zinc in Soils, Water and Food Crops","volume":"49","author":"Noulas","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13612","DOI":"10.1111\/ppl.13612","article-title":"Genetic Biofortification of Wheat with Zinc: Opportunities to Fine-tune Zinc Uptake, Transport and Grain Loading","volume":"174","author":"Kamaral","year":"2021","journal-title":"Physiol. Plant."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galanakis, C.M. (2021). Functionality of Food Components and Emerging Technologies. Foods, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10010128"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shkembi, B., and Huppertz, T. (2021). Influence of Dairy Products on Bioavailability of Zinc from Other Food Products: A Review of Complementarity at a Meal Level. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13124253"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1378","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/130.5.1378S","article-title":"Dietary Factors Influencing Zinc Absorption","volume":"130","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S2985","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/133.9.2985S","article-title":"Zinc and Copper: Proposed Fortification Levels and Recommended Zinc Compounds","volume":"133","author":"Rosado","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"S99","article-title":"International Zinc Nutrition Consultative Group (IZiNCG) Technical Document #1. Assessment of the Risk of Zinc Deficiency in Populations and Options for Its Control","volume":"25","author":"Brown","year":"2004","journal-title":"Food Nutr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S62","DOI":"10.1177\/15648265100311S106","article-title":"Zinc Fortification of Cereal Flours: Current Recommendations and Research Needs","volume":"31","author":"Brown","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Nutr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.113.181487","article-title":"Zinc Absorption by Young Adults from Supplemental Zinc Citrate Is Comparable with That from Zinc Gluconate and Higher than from Zinc Oxide","volume":"144","author":"Tay","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131031","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2021.131031","article-title":"Glycine-Chelated Zinc Rather than Glycine-Mixed Zinc Has Lower Foliar Phytotoxicity than Zinc Sulfate and Enhances Zinc Biofortification in Waxy Corn","volume":"370","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0254647","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0254647","article-title":"Combined Application of Zinc-Lysine Chelate and Zinc-Solubilizing Bacteria Improves Yield and Grain Biofortification of Maize (Zea Mays L.)","volume":"16","author":"Bashir","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jalal, A., da Oliveira, C.E.S., Fernandes, H.B., Galindo, F.S., da Silva, E.C., Fernandes, G.C., Nogueira, T.A.R., De Carvalho, P.H.G., Balbino, V.R., and de Lima, B.H. (2022). Diazotrophic Bacteria Is an Alternative Strategy for Increasing Grain Biofortification, Yield and Zinc Use Efficiency of Maize. Plants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11091125"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2006.11.004","article-title":"Effects and Future Trends of Casein Phosphopeptides on Zinc Bioavailability","volume":"18","author":"Miquel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4137","DOI":"10.1039\/C6FO00706F","article-title":"Prospects of Enhancing Dietary Zinc Bioavailability with Food-Derived Zinc-Chelating Peptides","volume":"7","author":"Udechukwu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2731","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2010-3900","article-title":"Zinc-Binding Capacity of Yak Casein Hydrolysate and the Zinc-Releasing Characteristics of Casein Hydrolysate-Zinc Complexes","volume":"94","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199610000-00006","article-title":"The Effect of Casein Phosphopetides on Zinc and Calcium Absorption from High Phytate Infant Diets Assessed in Rat Pups and Caco-2 Cells","volume":"40","author":"Hansen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913839","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.913839","article-title":"A Review of Bioactive Compounds in Oyster Shell and Tissues","volume":"10","author":"Ulagesan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2018.03.030","article-title":"Particulate Nanocomposite from Oyster (Crassostrea Rivularis) Hydrolysates via Zinc Chelation Improves Zinc Solubility and Peptide Activity","volume":"258","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong, S., Zhang, B., Ma, Y., Chang, H., Zheng, Z., and Zhao, X. (2022). Pumpkin Skin Polysaccharide-Zn(II) Complex: Preparation, Characterization, and Suppression of Inflammation in Zebrafish. Foods, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11172610"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2018.01.223","article-title":"Preparation, Characterization and Bioactivities of Athelia Rolfsii Exopolysaccharide-Zinc Complex (AEPS-Zinc)","volume":"113","author":"Dong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6525","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.5b00614","article-title":"Preparation and Characterization of Dictyophora Indusiata Polysaccharide\u2013Zinc Complex and Its Augmented Antiproliferative Activity on Human Cancer Cells","volume":"63","author":"Liao","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2016.06.012","article-title":"Preparation of Prunella Vulgaris Polysaccharide-Zinc Complex and Its Antiproliferative Activity in HepG2 Cells","volume":"91","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fochx.2022.100361","article-title":"Preparation and Characterization of Garlic Polysaccharide-Zn (II) Complexes and Their Bioactivities as a Zinc Supplement in Zn-Deficient Mice","volume":"15","author":"Bai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Chem. X"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4542","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.11811","article-title":"Characterization of a Synthetic Zinc-chelating Peptide from Sea Cucumber (Stichopus Japonicus) and Its Gastrointestinal Digestion and Absorption in Vitro","volume":"102","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3277","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.11673","article-title":"Gastrointestinal Digestion and Absorption Characterization in Vitro of Zinc-chelating Hydrolysate from Scallop Adductor (Patinopecten Yessoensis)","volume":"102","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2014.10.030","article-title":"Isolation and Characterization of Zinc-Chelating Peptides from Wheat Germ Protein Hydrolysates","volume":"12","author":"Zhu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2022.111212","article-title":"Fortification\/Enrichment of Milk and Dairy Products by Encapsulated Bioactive Ingredients","volume":"157","author":"Adinepour","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2018.12.012","article-title":"Encapsulation of Carotenoid-Rich Oil from Gac Peel: Optimisation of the Encapsulating Process Using a Spray Drier and the Storage Stability of Encapsulated Powder","volume":"344","author":"Chuyen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2286","DOI":"10.1007\/s11947-021-02721-z","article-title":"Impact of Product Formulation on Spray-Dried Microencapsulated Zinc for Food Fortification","volume":"14","author":"Baldelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Bioprocess Technol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2021.112189","article-title":"Double Fortified (Iron and Zinc) Spray-Dried Microencapsulated Premix for Food Fortification","volume":"151","author":"Leiva","year":"2021","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Espitia, P.J.P., Otoni, C.G., and Soares, N.F.F. (2016). Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles for Food Packaging Applications. Antimicrob. Food Packag., 425\u2013431.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-800723-5.00034-6"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45609","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/19\/04\/045609","article-title":"Synthesis and Alignment of Zn and ZnO Nanoparticles by Laser-Assisted Chemical Vapor Deposition","volume":"19","author":"Guan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mandal, A.K., Katuwal, S., Tettey, F., Gupta, A., Bhattarai, S., Jaisi, S., Bhandari, D.P., Shah, A.K., Bhattarai, N., and Parajuli, N. (2022). Current Research on Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization, and Biomedical Applications. Nanomaterials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12173066"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al Jabri, H., Saleem, M.H., Rizwan, M., Hussain, I., Usman, K., and Alsafran, M. (2022). Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and Their Biosynthesis: Overview. Life, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/life12040594"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alhujaily, M., Albukhaty, S., Yusuf, M., Mohammed, M.K.A., Sulaiman, G.M., Al-Karagoly, H., Alyamani, A.A., Albaqami, J., and AlMalki, F.A. (2022). Recent Advances in Plant-Mediated Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles with Their Significant Biomedical Properties. Bioengineering, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering9100541"},{"key":"ref_102","first-page":"100995","article-title":"Green Synthesis and Characterization of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Cayratia Pedata Leaf Extract","volume":"26","author":"Ashwini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Rep."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.2174\/1871520620666200721132522","article-title":"The Anti-Breast Cancer Effects of Green-Synthesized Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Carob Extracts","volume":"21","author":"Pouresmaeil","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anticancer Agents Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5927058","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/5927058","article-title":"The Use of Nanominerals in Animal Nutrition as a Way to Improve the Composition and Quality of Animal Products","volume":"2018","author":"Konkol","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10912","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e10912","article-title":"Foliar Application of Biosynthesised Zinc Nanoparticles as a Strategy for Ferti-Fortification by Improving Yield, Zinc Content and Zinc Use Efficiency in Amaranth","volume":"8","author":"Reshma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elshayb, O.M., Farroh, K.Y., Amin, H.E., and Atta, A.M. (2021). Green Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: Fortification for Rice Grain Yield and Nutrients Uptake Enhancement. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26030584"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murgueitio-Herrera, E., Falcon\u00ed, C.E., Cumbal, L., G\u00f3mez, J., Yanchatip\u00e1n, K., Tapia, A., Mart\u00ednez, K., Sinde-Gonzalez, I., and Toulkeridis, T. (2022). Synthesis of Iron, Zinc, and Manganese Nanofertilizers, Using Andean Blueberry Extract, and Their Effect in the Growth of Cabbage and Lupin Plants. Nanomaterials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12111921"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2017.03.025","article-title":"Fortification of Yogurt with Nano and Micro Sized Calcium, Iron and Zinc, Effect on the Physicochemical and Rheological Properties","volume":"80","year":"2017","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"ref_109","first-page":"175","article-title":"Potential of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle for Dietary Fortification in Yoghurt: Physicochemical, Microbiological, Rheological and Textural Analysis","volume":"39","author":"Karmakar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Asian J. Dairy Food Res."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2020.106170","article-title":"Effect of Feeding Nano-ZnO on Performance, Rumen Fermentation, Leukocytes, Antioxidant Capacity, Blood Serum Enzymes and Minerals of Ewes","volume":"191","author":"Rezaei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Small Rumin. Res."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2021.06.003","article-title":"Nano-Sized Zinc Addition Enhanced Mammary Zinc Translocation without Altering Health Status of Dairy Cows","volume":"7","author":"Cai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alsaggaf, M.S., Diab, A.M., ElSaied, B.E.F., Tayel, A.A., and Moussa, S.H. (2021). Application of ZnO Nanoparticles Phycosynthesized with Ulva Fasciata Extract for Preserving Peeled Shrimp Quality. Nanomaterials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11020385"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdel-Wareth, A.A.A., Amer, S.A., Mobashar, M., and El-Sayed, H.G.M. (2022). Use of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles in the Growing Rabbit Diets to Mitigate Hot Environmental Conditions for Sustainable Production and Improved Meat Quality. BMC Vet. Res., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-022-03451-w"},{"key":"ref_114","first-page":"461","article-title":"Effect of Dietary Bacillus Coagulans and Different Forms of Zinc on Performance, Intestinal Microbiota, Carcass and Meat Quality of Broiler Chickens","volume":"12","author":"Afsharmanesh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohd Yusof, H., Abdul Rahman, N., Mohamad, R., Zaidan, U.H., and Samsudin, A.A. (2022). Influence of Dietary Biosynthesized Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles on Broiler Zinc Uptake, Bone Quality, and Antioxidative Status. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13010115"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ram\u00edrez Bribiesca, J.E., Casas, R.L., Cruz Monterrosa, R.G., and P\u00e9rez, A.R. (2017). Supplementing Selenium and Zinc Nanoparticles in Ruminants for Improving Their Bioavailability Meat. Nutr. Deliv., 713\u2013747.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-804304-2.00019-6"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2016.06.003","article-title":"Nano Zinc, an Alternative to Conventional Zinc as Animal Feed Supplement: A Review","volume":"2","author":"Swain","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2016.01.009","article-title":"Effects of Nanosize Zinc Oxide on Zinc Retention, Eggshell Quality, Immune Response and Serum Parameters of Aged Laying Hens","volume":"213","author":"Tsai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Youn, S.-M., and Choi, S.-J. (2022). Food Additive Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: Dissolution, Interaction, Fate, Cytotoxicity, and Oral Toxicity. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23116074"}],"container-title":["Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-7737\/12\/4\/514\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:06:15Z","timestamp":1760123175000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-7737\/12\/4\/514"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,29]]},"references-count":119,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["biology12040514"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biology12040514","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-7737"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-7737","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,29]]}}}