{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T16:33:56Z","timestamp":1793118836262,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":158,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,3]],"date-time":"2023-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The COVID-19 pandemic is undoubtedly the most difficult health challenge of the 21st century with more than 600 million laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections and over 6.5 million deaths worldwide. The coronavirus pandemic contributed to rapid development of mRNA vaccines, which, along with new antiviral drugs, have been the subject of extensive research for many decades. Nevertheless, elderly, multi-morbid and immunocompromised patients continue to face a more severe clinical course and a higher risk of death from COVID-19, even now that the risk of COVID-19 in the general population is significantly reduced due to the introduction of global vaccination strategies. In this paper, we present the mechanisms of increased susceptibility to infectious complications and the evolution of the clinical course of COVID-19 in patients with hematological malignancies, taking into account the mutation of the virus and the introduction of vaccines and new antiviral drugs. We also present current recommendations for prophylactic and therapeutic management in patients with hematological malignancies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology12040545","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,4]],"date-time":"2023-04-04T02:03:00Z","timestamp":1680573780000},"page":"545","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["COVID-19 in Adult Patients with Hematological Malignancies\u2014Lessons Learned after Three Years of Pandemic"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Iwona","family":"Hus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, National Medical Institute of the Ministry of Interior and Administration, 137 Wo\u0142oska Str., 02-507 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Transplantology, Medical University of Lublin, 7 Chod\u017aki Str., 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8347-7557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Szymczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, National Medical Institute of the Ministry of Interior and Administration, 137 Wo\u0142oska Str., 02-507 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Transplantology, Medical University of Lublin, 7 Chod\u017aki Str., 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Ma\u0144ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, National Medical Institute of the Ministry of Interior and Administration, 137 Wo\u0142oska Str., 02-507 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4562-6264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Drozd-Soko\u0142owska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Oncology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 1a Banacha Str., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738915","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.738915","article-title":"Secondary Immunodeficiency in Hematological Malignancies: Focus on Multiple Myeloma and Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia","volume":"12","author":"Allegra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2017.10.024","article-title":"Age and Immunity: What Is \u201cImmunosenescence\u201d?","volume":"105","author":"Pawelec","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2017.07.015","article-title":"Bacterial Pneumonia in Older Adults","volume":"31","author":"Henig","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1590\/0001-3765201720160487","article-title":"Immune System Dysfunction in the Elderly","volume":"89","author":"Fuentes","year":"2017","journal-title":"An. Da Acad. Bras. De Ci\u00eancias"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000336","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2016-000336","article-title":"The Association between Diabetes Mellitus and Incident Infections: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies","volume":"5","author":"Twells","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res. Care"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2938","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-59794-7","article-title":"Infection in Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease and Subsequent Adverse Outcomes after Dialysis Initiation: A Nationwide Cohort Study","volume":"10","author":"Chang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.3109\/10428194.2015.1046862","article-title":"Infections Associated with Bendamustine Containing Regimens in Hematological Patients: A Retrospective Multi-Center Study","volume":"57","author":"Ribakovsky","year":"2016","journal-title":"Leuk. Lymphoma"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2033","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.0680","article-title":"Frequency and Type of Serious Infections in Fludarabine-Refractory B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia and Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma: Implications for Clinical Trials in This Patient Population","volume":"94","author":"Perkins","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1080\/17474086.2018.1407645","article-title":"A Review of the Infection Pathogenesis and Prophylaxis Recommendations in Patients with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia","volume":"11","author":"Tadmor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.2217\/imt-2017-0178","article-title":"Consequences of B-Cell-Depleting Therapy: Hypogammaglobulinemia and Impaired B-Cell Reconstitution","volume":"10","author":"Sacco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunotherapy"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2018.02.003","article-title":"ESCMID Study Group for Infections in Compromised Hosts (ESGICH) Consensus Document on the Safety of Targeted and Biological Therapies: An Infectious Diseases Perspective (Agents Targeting Lymphoid Cells Surface Antigens [I]: CD19, CD20 and CD52)","volume":"24","author":"Mikulska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"2049936121989548","article-title":"Risk of Infection Associated with Targeted Therapies for Solid Organ and Hematological Malignancies","volume":"8","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Infect Dis."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.blre.2019.100635","article-title":"Immunomodulatory Effect of Ibrutinib: Reducing the Barrier against Fungal Infections","volume":"40","author":"Maffei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood Rev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1080\/14787210.2021.1855143","article-title":"CAR-T Cell Therapy and Infection: A Review","volume":"19","author":"Haeusler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anti-Infect. Ther."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-020-01521-5","article-title":"Recommendations for Screening, Monitoring, Prevention, and Prophylaxis of Infections in Adult and Pediatric Patients Receiving CAR T-Cell Therapy: A Position Paper","volume":"49","author":"Iacoboni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3585","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-021-01466-0","article-title":"Poor Outcome of Patients with COVID-19 after CAR T-Cell Therapy for B-Cell Malignancies: Results of a Multicenter Study on Behalf of the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT) Infectious Diseases Working Party and the European Hematology Association (EHA) Lymphoma Group","volume":"35","author":"Spanjaart","year":"2021","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2020.02.008","article-title":"Infectious Complications of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in Hematological Malignancies","volume":"34","author":"Kin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect Dis. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"(2023, February 03). Burden of Infections among Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Patients Receiving Dasatinib or Nilotinib: A Real-World Retrospective Healthcare Claims Study in the United States\u2014PubMed, Available online: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/30155792\/."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750346","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.750346","article-title":"Immune Dysregulation and Infectious Complications in MPN Patients Treated with JAK Inhibitors","volume":"12","author":"Cattaneo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1080\/10428194.2019.1688323","article-title":"Risk Factors for Infections and Secondary Malignancies in Patients with a Myeloproliferative Neoplasm Treated with Ruxolitinib: A Dual-Center, Propensity Score-Matched Analysis","volume":"61","author":"Tremblay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Leuk. Lymphoma"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"(2023, February 03). Frequency of Infections in 948 MPN Patients: A Prospective Multicenter Patient-Reported Pilot Study\u2014PubMed, Available online: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/32474573\/."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1182\/hematology.2020000098","article-title":"Updates in Infection Risk and Management in Acute Leukemia","volume":"2020","author":"Logan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hematol. Am. Soc. Hematol. Educ. Program"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-022-01570-9","article-title":"Correction: Infectious Complications of Targeted Drugs and Biotherapies in Acute Leukemia. Clinical Practice Guidelines by the European Conference on Infections in Leukemia (ECIL), a Joint Venture of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT), the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC), the International Immunocompromised Host Society (ICHS) and the European Leukemia Net (ELN)","volume":"36","author":"Maschmeyer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2016.05.006","article-title":"An Overview of Infectious Complications after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation","volume":"22","author":"Sahin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Infect. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2016.1234566","article-title":"Risk Stratification and Immunogenetic Risk for Infections Following Stem Cell Transplantation","volume":"7","author":"Bochud","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-020-0884-z","article-title":"Response to the Conjugate Pneumococcal Vaccine (PCV13) in Patients with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)","volume":"35","author":"Mauro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2910","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2019.1627160","article-title":"Antibody Response to the 23-Valent Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine after Conjugate Vaccine in Patients with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia","volume":"15","author":"Aittoniemi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccines Immunother."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2021.01.001","article-title":"The Humoral Immune Response to High-Dose Influenza Vaccine in Persons with Monoclonal B-Cell Lymphocytosis (MBL) and Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)","volume":"39","author":"Whitaker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e200","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30600-5","article-title":"Vaccination of Haemopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients: Guidelines of the 2017 European Conference on Infections in Leukaemia (ECIL 7)","volume":"19","author":"Cordonnier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-020-01016-0","article-title":"Recommendations for Vaccination in Multiple Myeloma: A Consensus of the European Myeloma Network","volume":"35","author":"Ludwig","year":"2021","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"(2023, February 04). WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard. Available online: https:\/\/covid19.who.int."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.04.010","article-title":"Risk Factors of Fatal Outcome in Hospitalized Subjects with Coronavirus Disease 2019 From a Nationwide Analysis in China","volume":"158","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14657","article-title":"Risk Factors for Severe and Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients: A Review","volume":"76","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1682","DOI":"10.1080\/10428194.2021.1876865","article-title":"Haematological Malignancy and Nosocomial Transmission Are Associated with an Increased Risk of Death from COVID-19: Results of a Multi-Center UK Cohort","volume":"62","author":"Bhogal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Leuk. Lymphoma"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1080\/14787210.2022.2134118","article-title":"Tixagevimab\/Cilgavimab for Prevention and Treatment of COVID-19: A Review","volume":"20","author":"Ustianowski","year":"2022","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anti-Infect. Ther."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-022-00642-4","article-title":"Therapeutic Advances in COVID-19","volume":"19","author":"Murakami","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"(2023, February 04). Tracking SARS-CoV-2 Variants. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/activities\/tracking-SARS-CoV-2-variants."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2022.2031274","article-title":"Emerging COVID-19 Variants and Their Impact on SARS-CoV-2 Diagnosis, Therapeutics and Vaccines","volume":"54","author":"Fernandes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Med."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"(2023, February 04). SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor\u2014PubMed, Available online: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/32142651\/."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693938","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.693938","article-title":"COVID-19 Mechanisms in the Human Body-What We Know So Far","volume":"12","author":"Kumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abd2985","article-title":"Neuropilin-1 Facilitates SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry and Infectivity","volume":"370","author":"Ojha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01755-4","article-title":"1-Year Outcomes in Hospital Survivors with COVID-19: A Longitudinal Cohort Study","volume":"398","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.2648","article-title":"Characteristics of and Important Lessons from the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in China: Summary of a Report of 72 314 Cases From the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention","volume":"323","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105941","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2020.105941","article-title":"Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Is Associated with Severe Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)","volume":"167","author":"Lippi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16230","DOI":"10.20452\/pamw.16230","article-title":"Management of SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Recommendations of the Polish Association of Epidemiologists and Infectiologists as of February 23, 2022","volume":"132","author":"Flisiak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pol. Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e002630","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2021-002630","article-title":"COVID-19 in Immunocompromised Populations: Implications for Prognosis and Repurposing of Immunotherapies","volume":"9","author":"Goldman","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2021012251","article-title":"COVID-19 in Patients with Hematologic Malignancy","volume":"140","author":"Langerbeins","year":"2022","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100794","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drup.2021.100794","article-title":"An Update on Drugs with Therapeutic Potential for SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Treatment","volume":"59","author":"Rosik","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug. Resist. Updates"},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"(2023, February 04). EMA COVID-19 Treatments. Available online: https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/human-regulatory\/overview\/public-health-threats\/coronavirus-disease-covid-19\/treatments-vaccines\/covid-19-treatments."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"62","article-title":"Convalescent Plasma for Haematological Patients with SARS-CoV-2 Pneumonia and Severe Depletion of B-Cell Lymphocytes Following Anti-CD20 Therapy: A Single-Centre Experience and Review of the Literature","volume":"45","author":"Oliva","year":"2022","journal-title":"New Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1080\/23744235.2021.2013528","article-title":"Convalescent Plasma Treatment in Severely Immunosuppressed Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19: An Observational Study of 28 Cases","volume":"54","author":"Ljungquist","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103075","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transci.2021.103075","article-title":"Convalescent Plasma Therapy for Severe COVID-19 in Patients with Hematological Malignancies","volume":"60","author":"Jeyaraman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transfus. Apher. Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1490","DOI":"10.1080\/10428194.2021.1872070","article-title":"Convalescent Hyperimmune Plasma for Chemo-Immunotherapy Induced Immunodeficiency in COVID-19 Patients with Hematological Malignancies","volume":"62","author":"Ferrari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Leuk. Lymphoma"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martin-Onra\u00ebt, A., Barrientos-Flores, C., Vilar-Compte, D., P\u00e9rez-Jimenez, C., and Alatorre-Fernandez, P. (2022). Use of Remdesivir for COVID-19 in Patients with Hematologic Cancer. Clin. Exp. Med., 1\u20138.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10238-022-00964-4"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2337","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-022-04924-6","article-title":"Early Administration of Remdesivir plus Convalescent Plasma Therapy Is Effective to Treat COVID-19 Pneumonia in B-Cell Depleted Patients with Hematological Malignancies","volume":"101","author":"Magyari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofac064","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofac064","article-title":"Combination Therapy with Casirivimab\/Imdevimab and Remdesivir for Protracted SARS-CoV-2 Infection in B-Cell-Depleted Patients","volume":"9","author":"Dioverti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Open Forum. Infect Dis."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1002\/hon.2908","article-title":"Successful Early Treatment Combining Remdesivir with High-Titer Convalescent Plasma among COVID-19-Infected Hematological Patients","volume":"39","author":"Weinbergerova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bo\u0142kun, \u0141., Pula, B., Ko\u0142kowska-Le\u015bniak, A., Morawska, M., Cichocka, E., Charlinski, G., Garus, B., Giebel, S., Piszcz, J., and Drozd-Sokolowska, J. (2023). Molnupiravir Is Effective in Patients with Haematological Malignancies. Int. J. Cancer.","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.34442"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2022.05.007","article-title":"Activity of AZD7442 (Tixagevimab-Cilgavimab) against Omicron SARS-CoV-2 in Patients with Hematologic Malignancies","volume":"40","author":"Stuver","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1208\/s12248-020-00532-2","article-title":"Recent Developments on Therapeutic and Diagnostic Approaches for COVID-19","volume":"23","author":"Majumder","year":"2021","journal-title":"AAPS J."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1111\/tme.12915","article-title":"Convalescent Plasma and COVID-19: Time for a Second-Second Look?","volume":"33","author":"Joyner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transfus. Med."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez-L\u00e1zaro, D., Ortega, C.D., S\u00e1nchez-Serrano, N., Beddar Chaib, F., Jerves Donoso, D., Jim\u00e9nez-Callejo, E., and Rodr\u00edguez-Garc\u00eda, S. (2022). Convalescent Plasma Therapy, Therapeutic Formulations of Repurposed Drugs in 20th Century Epidemics against COVID-19: A Systematic Review. Pharmaceutics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14051020"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RECOVERY Collaborative Group (2021). Convalescent Plasma in Patients Admitted to Hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): A Randomised Controlled, Open-Label, Platform Trial. Lancet, 397, 2049\u20132059.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.03.09.21252736"},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"Writing Committee for the REMAP-CAP Investigators, Estcourt, L.J., Turgeon, A.F., McQuilten, Z.K., McVerry, B.J., Al-Beidh, F., Annane, D., Arabi, Y.M., Arnold, D.M., and Beane, A. (2021). Effect of Convalescent Plasma on Organ Support-Free Days in Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA, 326, 1690\u20131702."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2012","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01488-2","article-title":"Convalescent Plasma for Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19: An Open-Label, Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"27","author":"Callum","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.112015","article-title":"COVID-19 Challenges and Its Therapeutics","volume":"142","author":"Rehman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RECOVERY Collaborative Group, Horby, P., Lim, W.S., Emberson, J.R., Mafham, M., Bell, J.L., Linsell, L., Staplin, N., Brightling, C., and Ustianowski, A. (2021). Dexamethasone in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19. N. Engl. J. Med., 384, 693\u2013704.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2021436"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063246","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.1063246","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety Profile of Corticosteroids and Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs in COVID-19 Management: A Narrative Review","volume":"13","author":"Amponsah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amsu.2020.07.004","article-title":"The Use of Dexamethasone in the Treatment of COVID-19","volume":"56","author":"Lester","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.5114\/reum.2021.108554","article-title":"Use of the Rheumatic Drug Tocilizumab for Treatment of SARS-CoV-2 Patients","volume":"59","author":"Shaikh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reumatologia"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RECOVERY Collaborative Group (2021). Tocilizumab in Patients Admitted to Hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): A Randomised, Controlled, Open-Label, Platform Trial. Lancet, 397, 1637\u20131645.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.02.11.21249258"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"REMAP-CAP Investigators, Gordon, A.C., Mouncey, P.R., Al-Beidh, F., Rowan, K.M., Nichol, A.D., Arabi, Y.M., Annane, D., Beane, A., and van Bentum-Puijk, W. (2021). Interleukin-6 Receptor Antagonists in Critically Ill Patients with COVID-19. N. Engl. J. Med., 384, 1491\u20131502.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2100433"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2030340","article-title":"Tocilizumab in Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19 Pneumonia","volume":"384","author":"Salama","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n84","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n84","article-title":"Effect of Tocilizumab on Clinical Outcomes at 15 Days in Patients with Severe or Critical Coronavirus Disease 2019: Randomised Controlled Trial","volume":"372","author":"Veiga","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2020.6820","article-title":"Effect of Tocilizumab vs Usual Care in Adults Hospitalized With COVID-19 and Moderate or Severe Pneumonia: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"181","author":"Hermine","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.37201\/req\/158.2021","article-title":"Pharmacological Treatment of COVID-19: An Opinion Paper","volume":"35","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Esp. Quimioter."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaal3653","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aal3653","article-title":"Broad-Spectrum Antiviral GS-5734 Inhibits Both Epidemic and Zoonotic Coronaviruses","volume":"9","author":"Sheahan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001191","article-title":"First Case of 2019 Novel Coronavirus in the United States","volume":"382","author":"Holshue","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2327","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2007016","article-title":"Compassionate Use of Remdesivir for Patients with Severe COVID-19","volume":"382","author":"Grein","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104899","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104899","article-title":"Compassionate Remdesivir Treatment of Severe COVID-19 Pneumonia in Intensive Care Unit (ICU) and Non-ICU Patients: Clinical Outcome and Differences in Post-Treatment Hospitalisation Status","volume":"158","author":"Antinori","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1813","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2007764","article-title":"Remdesivir for the Treatment of COVID-19\u2014Final Report","volume":"383","author":"Beigel","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2015301","article-title":"Remdesivir for 5 or 10 Days in Patients with Severe COVID-19","volume":"383","author":"Goldman","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"WHO Solidarity Trial Consortium (2022). Remdesivir and Three Other Drugs for Hospitalised Patients with COVID-19: Final Results of the WHO Solidarity Randomised Trial and Updated Meta-Analyses. Lancet, 399, 1941\u20131953.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00519-0"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(21)00485-0","article-title":"Remdesivir plus Standard of Care versus Standard of Care Alone for the Treatment of Patients Admitted to Hospital with COVID-19 (DisCoVeRy): A Phase 3, Randomised, Controlled, Open-Label Trial","volume":"22","author":"Ader","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2116846","article-title":"Early Remdesivir to Prevent Progression to Severe COVID-19 in Outpatients","volume":"386","author":"Gottlieb","year":"2022","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jaroszewicz, J., Kowalska, J., Paw\u0142owska, M., Rogalska, M., Zar\u0119bska-Michaluk, D., Rorat, M., Lorenc, B., Czupryna, P., Sikorska, K., and Piekarska, A. (2022). Remdesivir Decreases Mortality in COVID-19 Patients with Active Malignancy. Cancers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14194720"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1080\/23744235.2022.2028896","article-title":"Successful Treatment with a Short Course of Remdesivir in a Case of Prolonged COVID-19 in a Lymphoma Patient","volume":"54","author":"Kajova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855496","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.855496","article-title":"Molnupiravir and Its Antiviral Activity Against COVID-19","volume":"13","author":"Tian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2116044","article-title":"Molnupiravir for Oral Treatment of COVID-19 in Nonhospitalized Patients","volume":"386","author":"Musungaie","year":"2022","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabl7430","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abl7430","article-title":"A Phase 2a Clinical Trial of Molnupiravir in Patients with COVID-19 Shows Accelerated SARS-CoV-2 RNA Clearance and Elimination of Infectious Virus","volume":"14","author":"Fischer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2021.102329","article-title":"Molnupiravir in COVID-19: A Systematic Review of Literature","volume":"15","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_92","unstructured":"(2023, February 04). Coronavirus (COVID-19) Update: FDA Authorizes Additional Oral Antiviral for Treatment of COVID-19 in Certain Adults, Available online: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/news-events\/press-announcements\/coronavirus-covid-19-update-fda-authorizes-additional-oral-antiviral-treatment-covid-19-certain."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akinosoglou, K., Schinas, G., and Gogos, C. (2022). Oral Antiviral Treatment for COVID-19: A Comprehensive Review on Nirmatrelvir\/Ritonavir. Viruses, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/v14112540"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2118542","article-title":"Oral Nirmatrelvir for High-Risk, Nonhospitalized Adults with COVID-19","volume":"386","author":"Hammond","year":"2022","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.2832","article-title":"Effect of Sotrovimab on Hospitalization or Death Among High-Risk Patients With Mild to Moderate COVID-19: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"327","author":"Gupta","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1002\/hon.3079","article-title":"Reply to \u201cSuccessful Early Use of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Monoclonal Neutralizing Antibodies in SARS-CoV-2 Infected Hematological Patients-A Czech Multicenter Experience\u201d: A Case Series of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Infection and Aggressive Lymphoma in the Sotrovimab Era","volume":"41","author":"Cassin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_97","unstructured":"(2023, March 26). FDA Updates Sotrovimab Emergency Use Authorization, Available online: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/drugs\/drug-safety-and-availability\/fda-updates-sotrovimab-emergency-use-authorization#:~:text=%5B2%2F25%2F2022%5D,not%20susceptible%20to%20this%20treatment."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1159\/000525766","article-title":"Viral Clearance with Neutrophil Recovery in a Patient with Active COVID-19 Infection and Refractory Acute Myeloid Leukemia Who Underwent Successful Reinduction with Cytarabine\/Idarubicin","volume":"15","author":"Dean","year":"2022","journal-title":"Case Rep. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-022-01731-1","article-title":"Tixagevimab + Cilgavimab: First Approval","volume":"82","author":"Keam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(22)00180-1","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Intramuscular Administration of Tixagevimab-Cilgavimab for Early Outpatient Treatment of COVID-19 (TACKLE): A Phase 3, Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial","volume":"10","author":"Montgomery","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_101","unstructured":"(2023, March 26). FDA Announces Evusheld Is Not Currently Authorized for Emergency Use in the U.S, Available online: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/drugs\/drug-safety-and-availability\/fda-announces-evusheld-not-currently-authorized-emergency-use-us#:~:text=Update%20%5B1%2F26%2F2023,than%20or%20equal%20to%2090%25."},{"key":"ref_102","unstructured":"(2023, February 04). Interim Clinical Considerations for Use of COVID-19 Vaccines|CDC, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/vaccines\/covid-19\/clinical-considerations\/covid-19-vaccines-us.html."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3459","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S315727","article-title":"Overview of the Main Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines: Mechanism of Action, Efficacy and Safety","volume":"14","author":"Mascellino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.11.054","article-title":"New Vaccine Production Platforms Used in Developing SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Candidates","volume":"39","author":"Ura","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_105","unstructured":"(2023, February 04). EMA COVID-19 Vaccines: Authorised. Available online: https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/human-regulatory\/overview\/public-health-threats\/coronavirus-disease-covid-19\/treatments-vaccines\/vaccines-covid-19\/covid-19-vaccines-authorised."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1588","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2021014124","article-title":"COVID-19 in Vaccinated Adult Patients with Hematological Malignancies: Preliminary Results from EPICOVIDEHA","volume":"139","author":"Pagano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2773","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2022017257","article-title":"Breakthrough COVID-19 in Vaccinated Patients with Hematologic Malignancies: Results from the EPICOVIDEHA Survey","volume":"140","author":"Pagano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e789","DOI":"10.1097\/HS9.0000000000000789","article-title":"Improved Clinical Outcome of COVID-19 in Hematologic Malignancy Patients Receiving a Fourth Dose of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine: An EPICOVIDEHA Report","volume":"6","author":"Marchesi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hemasphere"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100931","DOI":"10.1016\/j.blre.2022.100931","article-title":"COVID-19 Breakthrough Infections, Hospitalizations and Mortality in Fully Vaccinated Patients with Hematologic Malignancies: A Clarion Call for Maintaining Mitigation and Ramping-up Research","volume":"54","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Blood Rev."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13835","DOI":"10.1111\/tid.13835","article-title":"COVID-19 in Vaccinated versus Unvaccinated Hematologic Malignancy Patients","volume":"24","author":"DeVoe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transpl. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2021.12.006","article-title":"COVID-19 Vaccination and Breakthrough Infections in Patients with Cancer","volume":"33","author":"Schmidt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Casetti, I.C., Borsani, O., and Rumi, E. (2022). COVID-19 in Patients with Hematologic Diseases. Biomedicines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10123069"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e357","DOI":"10.1093\/oncolo\/oyac032","article-title":"Impact of Therapy in Patients with Hematologic Malignancies on Seroconversion Rates After SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination","volume":"27","author":"Guven","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1038\/s43018-022-00364-3","article-title":"Immune Responses against SARS-CoV-2 Variants after Two and Three Doses of Vaccine in B-Cell Malignancies: UK PROSECO Study","volume":"3","author":"Lim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2188","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2116620","article-title":"Intramuscular AZD7442 (Tixagevimab-Cilgavimab) for Prevention of COVID-19","volume":"386","author":"Levin","year":"2022","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.14740\/jh1062","article-title":"Real-World Effectiveness of Tixagevimab and Cilgavimab (Evusheld) in Patients with Hematological Malignancies","volume":"11","author":"Ocon","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-020-0836-7","article-title":"COVID-19 in Persons with Haematological Cancers","volume":"34","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.26762","article-title":"Risk Factors for Severe Infection and Mortality in Patients with COVID-19 in Patients with Multiple Myeloma and AL Amyloidosis","volume":"98","author":"Ho","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e64","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.16852","article-title":"Clinical Outcome of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Haemato-Oncology Patients","volume":"190","author":"Aries","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_120","first-page":"e16","article-title":"Survival Study of Hospitalised Patients with Concurrent COVID-19 and Haematological Malignancies","volume":"190","author":"Marquet","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1111\/ejh.13493","article-title":"Clinical Course and Risk Factors for Mortality from COVID-19 in Patients with Haematological Malignancies","volume":"105","author":"Colmenares","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e256","DOI":"10.1111\/ijlh.13301","article-title":"COVID-19 in Patients with Hematological Malignancies: A Retrospective Case Series","volume":"42","author":"Infante","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Lab. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s40164-020-00177-z","article-title":"Risk Factors and Outcome of COVID-19 in Patients with Hematological Malignancies","volume":"9","author":"Martino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e737","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3026(20)30251-9","article-title":"Clinical Characteristics and Risk Factors Associated with COVID-19 Severity in Patients with Haematological Malignancies in Italy: A Retrospective, Multicentre, Cohort Study","volume":"7","author":"Passamonti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Haematol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-020-00970-7","article-title":"Impact of Hematologic Malignancy and Type of Cancer Therapy on COVID-19 Severity and Mortality: Lessons from a Large Population-Based Registry Study","volume":"13","author":"Cedillo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s12254-021-00775-5","article-title":"The Outcome of COVID-19 in Patients with Hematological Malignancy","volume":"15","author":"Albayrak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Memo"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e24387","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.24387","article-title":"Comorbidities and Mortality Rate in COVID-19 Patients with Hematological Malignancies: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"36","author":"Naimi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Lab. Anal."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2881","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2020008824","article-title":"Outcomes of Patients with Hematologic Malignancies and COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 3377 Patients","volume":"136","author":"Vijenthira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-021-01177-0","article-title":"COVID-19 Infection in Adult Patients with Hematological Malignancies: A European Hematology Association Survey (EPICOVIDEHA)","volume":"14","author":"Pagano","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e538","DOI":"10.1097\/HS9.0000000000000538","article-title":"Risk Factors and Mortality of COVID-19 in Patients With Lymphoma: A Multicenter Study","volume":"5","author":"Navarro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hemasphere"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2021005691","article-title":"A Prognostic Model for Patients with Lymphoma and COVID-19: A Multicentre Cohort Study","volume":"6","author":"Visco","year":"2022","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e83","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.16874","article-title":"Real-World Assessment of the Clinical Impact of Symptomatic Infection with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (COVID-19 Disease) in Patients with Multiple Myeloma Receiving Systemic Anti-Cancer Therapy","volume":"190","author":"Cook","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1002\/hon.2899","article-title":"Management of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia in Italy during a One Year of the COVID-19 Pandemic and at the Start of the Vaccination Program. A Campus CLL Report","volume":"39","author":"Cuneo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3444","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-021-01450-8","article-title":"COVID-19 Severity and Mortality in Patients with CLL: An Update of the International ERIC and Campus CLL Study","volume":"35","author":"Chatzikonstantinou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pu\u0142a, B., Pruszczyk, K., Pietrusza, E., Morawska, M., Piszczek, W., Kalici\u0144ska, E., Szeremet, A., Tryc-Szponder, J., W\u0105sik-Szczepanek, E., and Drozd-Soko\u0142owska, J. (2022). Outcome of SARS-CoV-2-Infected Polish Patients with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Cancers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14030558"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1955","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2021.280289","article-title":"COVID-19 Infection in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia over 15 Months of the Pandemic. A Campus ALL Report","volume":"107","author":"Chiaretti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clml.2021.06.024","article-title":"Frequency, Clinical Characteristics and Outcome of Adults with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia and COVID 19 Infection in the First vs. Second Pandemic Wave in Spain","volume":"21","author":"Ribera","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2928","DOI":"10.1080\/10428194.2021.1948031","article-title":"Characteristics, Clinical Outcomes, and Risk Factors of SARS-COV-2 Infection in Adult Acute Myeloid Leukemia Patients: Experience of the PETHEMA Group","volume":"62","author":"Cano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Leuk. Lymphoma"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-21-1033","article-title":"Prolonged SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Patients with Lymphoid Malignancies","volume":"12","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-021-02784-y","article-title":"Patients with Hematologic Cancers Are More Vulnerable to COVID-19 Compared to Patients with Solid Cancers","volume":"17","author":"Ata","year":"2022","journal-title":"Intern. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2232","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.21.01074","article-title":"Outcomes of COVID-19 in Patients with Cancer: Report From the National COVID Cohort Collaborative (N3C)","volume":"39","author":"Sharafeldin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1768","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2021011841","article-title":"COVID-19 in Patients with CLL: Improved Survival Outcomes and Update on Management Strategies","volume":"138","author":"Roeker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e603","DOI":"10.1097\/HS9.0000000000000603","article-title":"COVID-19 in Patients Receiving CD20-Depleting Immunochemotherapy for B-Cell Lymphoma","volume":"5","author":"Gaitzsch","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hemasphere"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.26209","article-title":"Prolonged In-Hospital Stay and Higher Mortality after COVID-19 among Patients with Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Treated with B-Cell Depleting Immunotherapy","volume":"96","author":"Lamure","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e279","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.16935","article-title":"Poor Outcome and Prolonged Persistence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in COVID-19 Patients with Haematological Malignancies; King\u2019s College Hospital Experience","volume":"190","author":"Shah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2523","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.9136-21","article-title":"Prolonged COVID-19 in an Immunocompromised Patient Treated with Obinutuzumab and Bendamustine for Follicular Lymphoma","volume":"61","author":"Ueda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-020-0876-z","article-title":"Management of Patients with Multiple Myeloma in the Era of COVID-19 Pandemic: A Consensus Paper from the European Myeloma Network (EMN)","volume":"34","author":"Terpos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e432","DOI":"10.1097\/HS9.0000000000000432","article-title":"How We Manage Patients with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia During the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic","volume":"4","author":"Rossi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hemasphere"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2020006854","article-title":"Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Management in Italy during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Campus CLL Report","volume":"136","author":"Cuneo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3384","DOI":"10.1080\/10428194.2021.1966782","article-title":"COVID-19 among Patients with Hematological Malignancies: A National Israeli Retrospective Analysis with Special Emphasis on Treatment and Outcome","volume":"62","author":"Levy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Leuk. Lymphoma"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1080\/17474086.2017.1339599","article-title":"Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor (TKI) Therapy for Newly-Diagnosed Patients with Chronic Myeloid Leukemia: Focusing on TKI Discontinuation Due to Adverse Events\u2014Is Better Always Good?","volume":"10","author":"Eskazan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2260","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-020-0904-z","article-title":"Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Management at the Time of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Italy. A Campus CML Survey","volume":"34","author":"Breccia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1799","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-020-0853-6","article-title":"COVID-19 in Persons with Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia","volume":"34","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.18138","article-title":"Humoral Response to MRNA-Based COVID-19 Vaccine in Patients with Myeloid Malignancies","volume":"197","author":"Mori","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u015acibior, A., and Wnuk, E. (2022). Elements and COVID-19: A Comprehensive Overview of Studies on Their Blood\/Urinary Levels and Supplementation with an Update on Clinical Trials. Biology, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology11020215"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac807","article-title":"Twice-Daily Oral Zinc in the Treatment of Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Randomized Double-Blind Controlled Trial","volume":"76","author":"Mhalla","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.26444\/aaem\/155846","article-title":"The Effect of Zinc Supplementation on the Course of COVID-19\u2014A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"29","author":"Szarpak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Agric. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022673","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1022673","article-title":"Association of COVID-19 Mortality with Serum Selenium, Zinc and Copper: Six Observational Studies across Europe","volume":"13","author":"Demircan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."}],"container-title":["Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-7737\/12\/4\/545\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:09:21Z","timestamp":1760123361000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-7737\/12\/4\/545"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,3]]},"references-count":158,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["biology12040545"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biology12040545","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-7737"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-7737","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,3]]}}}