{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T20:30:22Z","timestamp":1769977822990,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,7]],"date-time":"2023-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680825600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Forestry Policies (MiPAAF)","award":["J82F17000000007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["J82F17000000007"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005401","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["J82F17000000007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["J82F17000000007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005401","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Alberto Santojanni","award":["J82F17000000007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["J82F17000000007"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The improvement of scientific knowledge about overexploited fishery resources allow us to provide scientific advice for their management and stock protection. By using a multidisciplinary approach, the aim of the study was to characterize, for the first time in the Central Mediterranean Sea (GSA 17), the reproductive biology of males of M. merluccius, currently highly exploited. A multi-year sampling from January 2017 to December 2019 was performed to exhaustively evaluate the sex ratio of the stock, while the 2018 annual sampling was selected to investigate the reproductive pattern of males. Individuals in spawning conditions were found every month, proving that M. merluccius is an asynchronous species, reproducing all year round, with a seasonal reproductive peak in spring\/summer, as indicated by GSI. Five gonadal development stages were defined to fully describe the reproductive cycle of males. The macroscopic and histological L50, respectively 18.6 cm and 15.4 cm, were both below the Minimum Conservation Reference Size (MCRS). According to the mRNA levels, fsh and lh played a significant role during spermiation, whereas the gnrhr2a was involved at the beginning of sexual maturity. In the testis, fshr and lhr reached maximum expression levels before the spermiation. The hormonal stimuli of 11-ketotestosterone and its receptor were significantly higher when the specimen was in reproductive activity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology12040562","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,7]],"date-time":"2023-04-07T04:08:03Z","timestamp":1680840483000},"page":"562","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Reproductive Biology of Male European Hake (Merluccius merluccius) in Central Mediterranean Sea: An Overview from Macroscopic to Molecular Investigation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8794-3241","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessia","family":"Mascoli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Developmental and Reproductive Biology, DiSVA, Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michela","family":"Candelma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Developmental and Reproductive Biology, DiSVA, Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4947-3004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Santojanni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Marine Biological Resources and Biotechnologies (IRBIM), 60125 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5994-0572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oliana","family":"Carnevali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Developmental and Reproductive Biology, DiSVA, Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sabrina","family":"Colella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Marine Biological Resources and Biotechnologies (IRBIM), 60125 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpol.2019.103786","article-title":"Input versus Output Controls as Instruments for Fisheries Management with a Focus on Mediterranean Fisheries","volume":"118","author":"Bellido","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mar. Policy"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Gomei, M., Steenbeek, J., Coll, M., and Claudet, J. (2021). 30 by 30: Scenarios to Recover Biodiversity and Rebuild Fish Stocks in the Mediterranean, World Wildlife Fund."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coll, M., Piroddi, C., Steenbeek, J., Kaschner, K., Lasram, F.B.R., Aguzzi, J., Ballesteros, E., Bianchi, C.N., Corbera, J., and Dailianis, T. (2010). The Biodiversity of the Mediterranean Sea: Estimates, Patterns, and Threats. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0011842"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FAO (2021). The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2020, Sustainability in Action."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"FAO (2022). Mediterranean and Black Sea (Major Fishing Area 37), Fisheries and Aquaculture Division."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"STECF (2018). Scientific, Technical and Economic Committee for Fisheries (STECF)\u2013Monitoring the Performance of the Common Fisheries Policy (STECF-Adhoc-20-01), STECF."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean (2022). The State of Mediterranean and Black Sea Fisheries 2022, FAO."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2011). Review of the State of World Marine Fishery Resources, FAO."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"9","article-title":"Biology and Stock Assessment of Merluccius merluccius (L.) in Adriatic Sea: An Historical Review by Geographical Sub-Areas","volume":"44","author":"Ungaro","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Adriat."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.3989\/scimar.2008.72n4721","article-title":"Spawning Pattern and Batch Fecundity of the European Hake (Merluccius merluccius (Linnaeus, 1758)) in the Western Mediterranean","volume":"72","author":"Recasens","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sci. Mar."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2017.00371","article-title":"Key Economic Characteristics of Italian Trawl Fisheries and Management Challenges","volume":"4","author":"Sabatella","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.12681\/mms.2153","article-title":"Seasonal Dynamics of Small-Scale Fisheries in the Adriatic Sea","volume":"19","author":"Grati","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mediterr. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean (GFCM), Working Group on Stock Assessment of Demersal Species (WGSAD), and Scientific Advisory Committee on Fisheries (SAC) (2022, September 15). Available online: https:\/\/www.fao.org\/gfcm\/technical-meetings\/detail\/en\/c\/1105308\/."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Froese, R., and Pauly, D. (2022, June 04). World Wide Web electronic publication (Retrieved on: 05\/12\/2021). FishBase. Available online: www.fishbase.org."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.32582\/aa.62.2.6","article-title":"Reproductive Traits of the European Hake, Merluccius merluccius (L. 1758), in the Adriatic Sea","volume":"62","author":"Zorica","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Adriat."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fishres.2009.09.002","article-title":"New bioenergetic perspective of European hake (Merluccius merluccius L.) reproductive ecology","volume":"104","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fish Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8649.1998.tb00988.x","article-title":"Spatiotemporal Variation in the Population Structure of the European Hake in the NW Mediterranean","volume":"53","author":"Recasens","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Fish Biol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1017\/S0025315414000356","article-title":"Reproductive Traits and Seasonal Variability of Merluccius merluccius from the Tunisian Coast","volume":"94","author":"Khoufi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"385","article-title":"Sexual Maturity and Reproductive Patterns of European Hake Merluccius merluccius (Linnaeus, 1758) (Actinopterygii: Merlucciidae) from the Sea of Marmara, Turkey","volume":"69","author":"Kahraman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Zool. Bulg."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Candelma, M., Marisaldi, L., Bertotto, D., Radaelli, G., Gioacchini, G., Santojanni, A., Colella, S., and Carnevali, O. (2021). Aspects of Reproductive Biology of the European Hake (Merluccius merluccius) in the Northern and Central Adriatic Sea (Gsa 17-Central Mediterranean Sea). J. Mar. Sci. Eng., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse9040389"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fishres.2019.105333","article-title":"The Spawning Strategy of European Hake (Merluccius merluccius, L. 1758) across the Western and Central Mediterranean Sea","volume":"219","author":"Carbonara","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fish. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"The General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean (2009). Establishment of Geographical Sub-Areas in the GFCM Area Amending the Resolution GFCM\/31\/2007\/2, The General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranea."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1080\/19425120.2011.555724","article-title":"A Standardized Terminology for Describing Reproductive Development in Fishes","volume":"3","author":"Wyanski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mar. Coast. Fish. Dyn. Manag. Ecosyst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1007\/s10695-018-0479-z","article-title":"Cloning, Characterization, and Molecular Expression of Gonadotropin Receptors in European Hake (Merluccius merluccius), a Multiple-Spawning Species","volume":"44","author":"Candelma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fish Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1023395025374","article-title":"Puberty in Teleosts","volume":"26","author":"Okuzawa","year":"2002","journal-title":"Fish Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2009.05.004","article-title":"Control of Puberty in Farmed Fish","volume":"165","author":"Taranger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2008.03645.x","article-title":"Hormonal and Environmental Control of Puberty in Perciform Fish: The Case of Sea Bass","volume":"1163","author":"Carrillo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.4172\/2324-8661.1000103","article-title":"Sex Ratio and Length-Weight Relationship for Five Marine Fish Species from Brazil","volume":"1","author":"Oliveira","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mar. Biol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8649.2009.02329.x","article-title":"Distribution, Size Frequency, and Sex Ratios of Blacktip Reef Sharks Carcharhinus melanopterus at Palmyra Atoll: A Predator-Dominated Ecosystem","volume":"75","author":"Papastamatiou","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Fish Biol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fishres.2014.09.006","article-title":"Reproductive Biology of the Black Marlin, Istiompax indica, off Southwestern and Eastern Taiwan","volume":"166","author":"Sun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fish. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1111\/jfb.13497","article-title":"Reproductive Biology of Female Striped Marlin Kajikia audax in the Western Pacific Ocean","volume":"92","author":"Chang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Fish Biol."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"41","article-title":"Population Size Structure, Growth and Reproduction of the European Anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus, L.) in the Lagoon of Lesina (South-Western Adriatic Sea, Italy)","volume":"7","author":"Manzo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transit. Waters Bull."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"159","article-title":"Some Reproductive Patterns of the Sardine, Sardina pilchardus (Walb, 1792), in Boka Kotorska Bay (Montenegro, Southern Adriatic Sea)","volume":"51","author":"Regner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Adriat."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, J.J., Kim, H.J., Shin, S.R., Jin, Y.G., Kim, J.W., and Lee, J.S. (2022). Reproductive Cycle and Sexual Group Maturity Of. Fishes, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/fishes7050267"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/s00227-004-1419-2","article-title":"Ovarian Allometry and the Use of the Gonosomatic Index: A Case Study in the Mediterranean sardine, Sardina pilchardus","volume":"146","author":"Somarakis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mar. Biol."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Prager, M.H., Saila, S.B., and Recksiek, C.W. (1989). FISHPARM: A Microcomputer Program for Parameter Estimation of Nonlinear Models by Important Note about FISHPARM Software, Old Dominion University."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Candelma, M., Fontaine, R., Colella, S., Santojanni, A., Weltzien, F.-A., and Carnevali, O. (2017). Gonadotropin Characterization, Localization and Expression in the European Hake (Merluccius merluccius), Reproduction.","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-16-0377"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"229","article-title":"Enzyme Immunoassay for 11-Ketotestosterone Using Acetylcholinesterase as Laberl: Application to the Measurement of 11-Ketotestosterone in Plasma of Siberian Sturgeon","volume":"108","author":"Cuisset","year":"1994","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part C Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2004.10.011","article-title":"Long-Term Exposure to Continuous Light Inhibits Precocity in European Male Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.): Hormonal Aspects","volume":"140","author":"Begtashi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1177\/001316446002000104","article-title":"A Coefficient of Agreement for Nominal Scales","volume":"20","author":"Cohen","year":"1960","journal-title":"Educ. Psychol. Meas."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"McFadden, D. (1974). Conditional Logit Analysis of Qualitative Choice Behaviour. Front. Econom., 105\u2013142."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.2307\/2529310","article-title":"The Measurement of Observer Agreement for Categorical Data","volume":"33","author":"Landis","year":"1977","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1017\/S002531541400201X","article-title":"Age, Growth and Reproduction of European Hake (Merluccius merluccius (Linn., 1758)) in the Central Aegean Sea, Turkey","volume":"95","author":"Soykan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.3989\/scimar.04988.12A","article-title":"Spatial Distribution Pattern of European Hake, Merluccius merluccius (Pisces: Merlucciidae), in the Mediterranean Sea","volume":"83","author":"Sion","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Mar."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e8634","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.8634","article-title":"Ontogenetic Shift and Feeding Habits of the European Hake (Merluccius Merluccius L., 1758) in Central and Southern Tyrrhenian Sea (Western Mediterranean Sea): A Comparison between Past and Present Data","volume":"12","author":"Porcino","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u2019Iglio, C., Famulari, S., Albano, M., Giordano, D., Rinelli, P., Capillo, G., Span\u00f2, N., and Savoca, S. (2022). Time-Scale Analysis of Prey Preferences and Ontogenetic Shift in the Diet of European Hake Merluccius merluccius (Linnaeus, 1758) in Southern and Central Tyrrhenian Sea. Fishes, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/fishes7040167"},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Ministero Delle Politiche Agricole Alimentari e Forestali (2007). Decreto 30 Ottobre 2007, Gazzetta Ufficiale."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.3989\/scimar.2004.68n3399","article-title":"Recruitment and Post-Settlement Growth of Juvenile Merluccius merluccius on the Western Mediterranean Shelf","volume":"68","author":"Moranta","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sci. Mar."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8649.2000.tb02149.x","article-title":"Aspects of the Early Life History of European Hake from the Central Adriatic","volume":"56","author":"Arneri","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Fish Biol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1720","DOI":"10.3923\/pjbs.2006.1720.1725","article-title":"A Preliminary Study on Otolith-Total Length Relationship of the Common Hake (Merluccius merluccius L., 1758) in \u0130zmir Bay, Aegean Sea","volume":"9","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pakistan J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fishres.2006.01.006","article-title":"Age Determination and Growth of Juveniles of the European Hake, Merluccius merluccius (L., 1758), in the Northern Tyrrhenian Sea (NW Mediterranean)","volume":"78","author":"Belcari","year":"2006","journal-title":"Fish. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.2960\/J.v33.a2","article-title":"Female Reproductive Strategies of Marine Fish Species of the North Atlantic","volume":"33","author":"Murua","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Northw. Atl. Fish. Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"2544","article-title":"The Reproductive Biology and the Histological and Ultrastructural Characteristics in Ovaries of the Female Gadidae Fish Merluccius merluccius from the Egyptian Mediterranean Water","volume":"9","year":"2010","journal-title":"African J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"1086","article-title":"Age Estimation, Growth and Maturity of the European Hake (Merluccius merluccius (Linnaeus, 1758)) from Iberian Atlantic Waters","volume":"60","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.3989\/scimar.2011.75n3447","article-title":"Maturity and Batch Fecundity of the European Hake (Merluccius merluccius, Linnaeus, 1758) in the Eastern Central Atlantic","volume":"75","author":"Recasens","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sci. Mar."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"97","article-title":"A Contribution to the Study of Biology and Population Dynamics of Adriatic Hake, Merluccius merluccius (L.)","volume":"27","author":"Zupanovic","year":"1986","journal-title":"Acta Adriat."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"329","article-title":"Note Sulla Biologia e Pesca Di Merluccius merluccius (L.) Nell\u2019Adriatico Pugliese","volume":"1","author":"Ungaro","year":"1993","journal-title":"Biol. Mar. Suppl. Notiziario SIBM"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8649.2006.01169.x","article-title":"Reproductive Strategy and Spawning Activity of the European Hake Merluccius merluccius (L.) in the Bay of Biscay","volume":"69","author":"Murua","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Fish Biol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1093\/plankt\/fbh074","article-title":"Distribution and Abundance of European Hake Merluccius merluccius (L.), Eggs and Larvae in the North East Atlantic Waters in 1995 and 1998 in Relation to Hydrographic Conditions","volume":"26","author":"Alvarez","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Plankton Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.4236\/ojms.2013.31002","article-title":"Somatic Condition, Growth and Reproduction of Hake, Merluccius merluccius L., in the Portuguese Coast","volume":"3","author":"Costa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Open J. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Fern\u00e1ndez, C., Dom\u00ednguez-Petit, R., and Saborido-Rey, F. (2022). The Use of Daily Growth to Analyze Individual Spawning Dynamics in an Asynchronous Population: The Case of the European Hake from the Southern Stock. Fishes, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/fishes7040208"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Korta, M., Garc\u00eda, D., Santurt\u00fan, M., Goikoetxea, N., Andonegi, E., Murua, H., \u00c1lvarez, P., Cervi\u00f1o, S., Castro, J., and Murillas, A. (2015). European Hake (Merluccius merluccius) in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118568262.ch1"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8649.1978.tb03445.x","article-title":"The Reproductive Biology of the Dab Limanda limanda (L.) in the North Sea: Gonosomatic Index, Hepatosomatic Index and Condition Factor","volume":"13","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Fish Biol."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"77","article-title":"Lipid (Energy) Reserves of European Hake (Merluccius merluccius) in the North-Western Mediterranean","volume":"58","author":"Lloret","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vie Milieu\/Life Environ."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1086\/677926","article-title":"Capital versus Income Breeding in a Seasonal Environment","volume":"184","author":"Sainmont","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. Nat."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0706.2008.17036.x","article-title":"The Adaptive Value of Energy Storage and Capital Breeding in Seasonal Environments","volume":"118","author":"Varpe","year":"2009","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"1088","article-title":"Parasitism, Condition and Reproduction of the European Hake (Merluccius merluccius) in the Northwestern Mediterranean Sea","volume":"71","author":"Lloret","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmarsys.2007.04.004","article-title":"Changes in Size at Maturity of European Hake Atlantic Populations in Relation with Stock Structure and Environmental Regimes","volume":"71","author":"Korta","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Mar. Syst."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1071\/MF9900199","article-title":"Methods of Assessing Ovarian Development in Fishes:A Review","volume":"41","author":"West","year":"1990","journal-title":"Mar. Freshw. Res."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1017\/S002531541100018X","article-title":"Inaccuracies in Routinely Collected Atlantic Herring (Clupea harengus) Maturity Data and Correction Using a Gonadosomatic Index Model","volume":"91","author":"McPherson","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fishres.2018.10.009","article-title":"Accuracy of Gonadosomatic Index in Maturity Classification and Estimation of Maturity Ogive","volume":"210","author":"Flores","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fish. Res."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Vrgo\u010d, N., Arneri, E., Juki\u0107-Peladi\u0107, S., \u0160ifner, S.K., Mannini, P., Mar\u010deta, B., Osmani, K., Piccinetti, C., and Ungaro, N. (2004). AdriaMed Technical Documents, FAO-MiPAAF Scientific Cooperation to Support Responsible Fisheries in the Adriatic Sea."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0485.2009.00312.x","article-title":"Validation of Macroscopic Maturity Stages According to Microscopic Histological Examination for European Anchovy","volume":"30","author":"Ferreri","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1095-8649.2003.00001.x","article-title":"Micro- and Macroscopic Characteristics to Stage Gonadal Maturation of Female Baltic Cod","volume":"62","author":"Tomkiewicz","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Fish Biol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1002\/aqc.3248","article-title":"Maturity Assignment Based on Histology-Validated Macroscopic Criteria: Tackling the Stock Decline of the Mediterranean Swordfish (Xiphias gladius)","volume":"30","author":"Marisaldi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aquat. Conserv. Mar. Freshw. Ecosyst."},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref_76.1","unstructured":"European Union (2019). Regulation"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref_76.2","unstructured":"(EU) 2019\/1241 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 June 2019 on the Conservation of Fisheries Resources and the Protection of Marine Ecosystems through Technical Measures. Off. J. Eur. Union, Available online: http:\/\/data.europa.eu\/eli\/reg\/2019\/1241\/oj."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06851","article-title":"Why Fishing Magnifies Fluctuations in Fish Abundance","volume":"452","author":"Anderson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.103.022624","article-title":"Cloning and Expression of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptor in the Brain and Pituitary of the European Sea Bass: An in Situ Hybridization Study","volume":"70","author":"Madigou","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1006\/gcen.1998.7224","article-title":"Seasonal Changes in MRNA Levels of Gonadotropin and Thyrotropin Subunits in the Goldfish, Carassius auratus","volume":"113","author":"Sohn","year":"1999","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1006\/gcen.2000.7610","article-title":"CDNA Cloning of Two Gonadotropin \u03b2 Subunits (GTH-I\u03b2and -II\u03b2) and Their Expression Profiles during Gametogenesis in the Japanese Flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)","volume":"122","author":"Kajimura","year":"2001","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-6480(03)00164-3","article-title":"Molecular Characterization of Sea Bass Gonadotropin Subunits (\u03b1, FSH\u03b2, and LH\u03b2) and Their Expression during the Reproductive Cycle","volume":"133","author":"Mateos","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_82","unstructured":"Ministero delle politiche agricole alimentari e forestali (MiPAAF) (2022, October 23). Decreto N. 229107 Del 18 Maggio 2021. Disposizioni in Materia Di Interruzione Temporanea Obbligatoria Delle Attivit\u00e0 Di Pesca Esercitate Mediante L\u2019Utilizzo Di Attrezzi Trainati \u201cReti a Strascico a Divergenti (Otb)\u201d, \u201cReti Gemelle a Divergenti(OTT)\u201d E\/O \u201cSfogliare\u2014Rapidi (Tbb)\u201d. Available online: https:\/\/www.politicheagricole.it\/flex\/cm\/pages\/ServeBLOB.php\/L\/IT\/IDPagina\/17050."}],"container-title":["Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-7737\/12\/4\/562\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:11:44Z","timestamp":1760123504000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-7737\/12\/4\/562"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,7]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["biology12040562"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biology12040562","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-7737"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-7737","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,7]]}}}