{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T05:46:23Z","timestamp":1789623983361,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,14]],"date-time":"2023-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684022400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) are heavy metals with carcinogenic potential. Their increased concentration has been correlated with a risk of malignancies, including breast, lung, kidney, gastrointestinal, and gynecological cancers. Most of the studies have evaluated tissue heavy metal concentration. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate blood Cd and lead levels in different uterine pathologies and the risk of endometrial cancer. Methods: This study included 110 patients with a histopathological diagnosis of endometrial cancer, endometrial polyps, endometrial hyperplasia, uterine myoma, and normal endometrium. The patients included in the study were assessed in terms of their endometrial cancer risk factors and blood heavy metal levels. The analysis was conducted using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. Results: There was a significant difference in the Cd and Cd\/Pb ratio among the different groups of patients (p = 0.002), with higher a median Cd concentration among the endometrial cancer patients. The differences in Pb concentration were not significant (p = 0.717). There were also no differences in the Cd and Pb concentrations based on the patients\u2019 menopausal status nor BMI index. The univariate logistic regression showed a blood cadmium concentration above the median to be associated with an increased risk of endometrial cancer (OR = 5.25; 95% CI 1.56, 17.72). No significant associations were observed between the Pb concentration or Cd\/Pb ratio and endometrial cancer risk. Conclusion: The concentration of Cd varies in patients diagnosed with different uterine pathologies. Increased blood cadmium concentration seems to be a risk factor for endometrial studies. Further research on greater populations, accounting for environmental and lifestyle heavy metal exposure, is required to validate our findings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology12050717","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]],"date-time":"2023-05-15T08:28:56Z","timestamp":1684139336000},"page":"717","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Assessment of Cadmium (Cd) and Lead (Pb) Blood Concentration on the Risk of Endometrial Cancer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1237-681X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaja","family":"Michalczyk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecological Surgery and Gynecological Oncology of Adults and Adolescents, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0756-6483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrycja","family":"Kupnicka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powsta\u0144c\u00f3w Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grzegorz","family":"Witczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecological Surgery and Gynecological Oncology of Adults and Adolescents, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piotr","family":"Tousty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstancow Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2279-4329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mateusz","family":"Bosiacki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Functional Diagnostics and Physical Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mateusz","family":"Kurzawski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstancow Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4497-4395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dariusz","family":"Chlubek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powsta\u0144c\u00f3w Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4727-7763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aneta","family":"Cymbaluk-P\u0142oska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Reconstructive Surgery and Gynecological Oncology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Al. Powsta\u0144c\u00f3w Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djx214","article-title":"International Patterns and Trends in Endometrial Cancer Incidence, 1978\u20132013","volume":"110","author":"Ferlay","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00ednguez-Alarc\u00f3n, L., Mendiola, J., Roca, M., Lpez-Esp\u00edn, J.J., Guill\u00e9n, J.J., Moreno, J.M., Moreno-Grau, S., Mart\u00ednez-Garc\u00eda, M.J., Vergara-Ju\u00e1rez, N., and Elvira-Rendueles, B. (2012). Correlations between Different Heavy Metals in Diverse Body Fluids: Studies of Human Semen Quality. Adv. Urol., 2012.","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/420893"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Colombo, N., Creutzberg, C., Amant, F., Bosse, T., Gonz\u00e1lez-Mart\u00f3n, A., Ledermann, J., Marth, C., Nout, R., Querleu, D., and Mirza, M.R. (2016). ESMO-ESGO-ESTRO Consensus Conference on Endometrial Cancer: Diagnosis, Treatment and Follow-Up. Ann. Oncol., 27.","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdv484"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans (1993). Beryllium, Cadmium, Mercury, and Exposures in the Glass Manufacturing Industry. IARC Monogr. Eval. Carcinog. Risks Hum., 58, 1\u2013415."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1038\/jes.2016.6","article-title":"Cadmium Exposure and Risk of Lung Cancer: A Meta-Analysis of Cohort and Case-Control Studies among General and Occupational Populations","volume":"26","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1080\/10937400306465","article-title":"Cadmium, Lung and Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review of Recent Epidemiological Data","volume":"6","author":"Verougstraete","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health\u2013Part B Crit. Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-015-0621-5","article-title":"Association of Total Cancer and Lung Cancer with Environmental Exposure to Cadmium: The Meta-Analytical Evidence","volume":"26","author":"Nawrot","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2020.126682","article-title":"Blood Cadmium Levels as a Marker for Early Lung Cancer Detection","volume":"64","author":"Lener","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2004.12.005","article-title":"Cadmium and Renal Cancer","volume":"207","author":"Schwartz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3255","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-018-1868-x","article-title":"Association between Dietary Cadmium Intake and Early Gastric Cancer Risk in a Korean Population: A Case\u2013Control Study","volume":"58","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.105879","article-title":"Cadmium Exposure and Risk of Breast Cancer: A Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies","volume":"142","author":"Filippini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrfmmm.2003.07.011","article-title":"Cadmium Carcinogenesis","volume":"533","author":"Waalkes","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mutat. Res. Fundam. Mol. Mech. Mutagen."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-5179-8_15","article-title":"Cadmium and Cancer","volume":"11","author":"Hartwig","year":"2013","journal-title":"Met. Ions Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2425","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2002-221054","article-title":"Estrogen-like activity of metals in MCF-7 breast cancer cells","volume":"144","author":"Martin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.05.030","article-title":"Urine and toenail cadmium levels in pregnant women: A reliability study","volume":"118","author":"White","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"(2012). IARC IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans: Cadmium and Cadmium Compounds. IARC Monogr., 1993, 121\u2013145."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2008.05.008","article-title":"Biomonitoring Equivalents (BE) Dossier for Cadmium (Cd) (CAS No. 7440-43-9)","volume":"51","author":"Hays","year":"2008","journal-title":"Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-6380(06)80016-4","article-title":"Chapter 6.3 Six-Membered Ring Systems: Triazines, Tetrazines, and Fused Ring Polyaza Systems","volume":"7","author":"Hurst","year":"1995","journal-title":"Prog. Heterocycl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1976.tb23122.x","article-title":"Cancer Mortality Among Cadmium Production Workers","volume":"271","author":"Lemen","year":"1976","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stohs, S.J., Bagchi, D., Hassoun, E., and Bagchi, M. (2001). Oxidative Mechanisms in the Toxicity of Chromium and Cadmium Ions. J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. Oncol., 20.","DOI":"10.1615\/JEnvironPatholToxicolOncol.v20.i2.10"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2005.12.009","article-title":"Free Radicals, Metals and Antioxidants in Oxidative Stress-Induced Cancer","volume":"160","author":"Valko","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4274(01)00482-9","article-title":"Interactions by Carcinogenic Metal Compounds with DNA Repair Processes: Toxicological Implications","volume":"127","author":"Hartwig","year":"2002","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"National Toxicology Program (2011). Lead and lead compounds. Rep. Carcinog., 12, 251\u2013256."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2020.126474","article-title":"Exposure to Lead Increases the Risk of Meningioma and Brain Cancer: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"60","author":"Meng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17611","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-018-1914-5","article-title":"Connecting Gastrointestinal Cancer Risk to Cadmium and Lead Exposure in the Chaoshan Population of Southeast China","volume":"25","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2311","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-08-0263","article-title":"Urinary Lead Exposure and Breast Cancer Risk in a Population-Based Case-Control Study","volume":"17","author":"McElroy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0274(200009)38:3<295::AID-AJIM8>3.0.CO;2-L","article-title":"Lead and Cancer in Humans: Where Are We Now?","volume":"38","author":"Steenland","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Ind. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.31805","article-title":"Blood Levels of Cadmium and Lead in Relation to Breast Cancer Risk in Three Prospective Cohorts","volume":"144","author":"Gaudet","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.105109","article-title":"Association between serum heavy metals and prostate cancer risk\u2014A multiple metal analysis","volume":"132","author":"Lim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.628321","article-title":"Blood lead below 0.48 micromol\/L (10 microg\/dL) and mortality among US adults","volume":"114","author":"Menke","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, M.G., Ryoo, J.H., Chang, S.J., Kim, C.B., Park, J.K., Koh, S.B., and Ahn, Y.S. (2015). Blood lead levels and cause-specific mortality of inorganic lead-exposed workers in South Korea. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0140360"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2008.12.007","article-title":"Lead Acetate Induces EGFR Activation Upstream of SFK and PKC\u03b1 Linkage to the Ras\/Raf-1\/ERK Signaling","volume":"235","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2007.12.016","article-title":"Lead Induces Oxidative Stress, DNA Damage and Alteration of P53, Bax and Bcl-2 Expressions in Mice","volume":"46","author":"Xu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7509","DOI":"10.1021\/ic700731d","article-title":"Lead-Poisoned Zinc Fingers: Quantum Mechanical Exploration of Structure, Coordination, and Electronic Excitations","volume":"46","year":"2007","journal-title":"Inorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2005.10.022","article-title":"Involvement of Some Low-Molecular Thiols in the Peroxidative Mechanisms of Lead and Ethanol Action on Rat Liver and Kidney","volume":"219","author":"Jurczuk","year":"2006","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2010.05.062","article-title":"Trace Metal Concentration in Different Indian Tobacco Products and Related Health Implications","volume":"48","author":"Verma","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1968","DOI":"10.1080\/19440049.2014.973457","article-title":"Metals in Commonly Eaten Groceries in Western Australia: A Market Basket Survey and Dietary Assessment","volume":"31","author":"Callan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam. Part A Chem. Anal. Control. Expo. Risk Assess."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2015.05.003","article-title":"The Multidisciplinary Approach to Safety and Toxicity Assessment of Microalgae-Based Food Supplements Following Clinical Cases of Poisoning","volume":"46","author":"Rzymski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laouali, N., Benmarhnia, T., Lanphear, B.P., and Oulhote, Y. (2023). Associations with Blood Lead and Urinary Cadmium Concentrations in Relation to Mortality in the US Population: A Causal Survival Analysis with G-Computation. Toxics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics11020133"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"545","article-title":"Activation of Estrogen Receptor-\u03b1 by the Heavy Metal Cadmium","volume":"14","author":"Stoica","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.1135","article-title":"Metalloestrogens: An Emerging Class of Inorganic Xenoestrogens with Potential to Add to the Oestrogenic Burden of the Human Breast","volume":"26","author":"Darbre","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Appl. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00130-0","article-title":"Endometrial cancer","volume":"387","author":"Morice","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"1531","article-title":"Obesity, endogenous hormones, and endometrial cancer risk: A synthetic review","volume":"11","author":"Kaaks","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2010.09.006","article-title":"Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Cancer: How Are They Linked?","volume":"49","author":"Reuter","year":"2010","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.02.006","article-title":"Metal Accumulation in the Human Uterus Varies by Pathology and Smoking Status","volume":"105","author":"Rzymski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Abadin, H., Ashizawa, A., Stevens, Y.W., Llados, F., Diamond, G., Sage, G., Citra, M., Quinones, A., Bosch, S.J., and Swarts, S.G. (2023, May 08). Toxicological Profile for Lead, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK158766\/."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/26.11.1603","article-title":"\u201cUltra-Clean\u201d Isotope Dilution\/Mass Spectrometric Analyses for Lead in Human Blood Plasma Indicate That Most Reported Values Are Artificially High","volume":"26","author":"Everson","year":"1980","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.3109\/00365513.2013.864785","article-title":"Whole blood and serum concentrations of metals in a Swedish population-based sample","volume":"74","author":"Schultze","year":"2013","journal-title":"Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Investig."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Burtis, C.A., Ashwood, E.R., and Bruns, D.E. (2012). Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Elsevier Health Sciences."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(97)05486-7","article-title":"Biological monitoring of cadmium exposure and renal effects in a population group residing in a polluted area in China","volume":"199","author":"Nordberg","year":"1997","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"ATSDR (2008). Toxicological Profile for Cadmium."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-9351(79)90014-8","article-title":"Significance of cadmium concentration in blood and in urine in workers exposed to cadmium","volume":"20","author":"Lauwerys","year":"1979","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.2404","article-title":"Biological half-time of cadmium in the blood of workers after cessation of exposure","volume":"9","author":"Rogenfelt","year":"1983","journal-title":"Scand. J. Work Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Friberg, L., Piscator, M., Nordberg, G.F., and Kjellstrom, T. (1974). Cadmium in the Environment, CRC Press. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2006.10.013","article-title":"Cadmium Induces Mitogenic Signaling in Breast Cancer Cell by an ER\u03b1-Dependent Mechanism","volume":"264","author":"Brama","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16896","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)89474-7","article-title":"Effect of Cadmium on Estrogen Receptor Levels and Estrogen-Induced Responses in Human Breast Cancer Cells","volume":"269","author":"Saceda","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, S., and Ding, L. (2021). Endometrial Perivascular Progenitor Cells and Uterus Regeneration. J. Pers. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm11060477"},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"1131","article-title":"Endometrial biopsy","volume":"63","author":"Zuber","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wieder-Huszla, S., Chudecka-G\u0142az, A., Cymbaluk-P\u0142oska, A., Karakiewicz, B., Bosiacki, M., Chlubek, D., and Jurczak, A. (2022). Evaluation of the Concentration of Selected Elements in Patients with Cancer of the Reproductive Organs with Respect to Treatment Stage\u2014Preliminary Study. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4000249"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scimeca, M., Orlandi, A., Terrenato, I., Bischetti, S., and Bonanno, E. (2014). Assessment of Metal Contaminants in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer by EDX Microanalysis. Eur. J. Histochem., 58.","DOI":"10.4081\/ejh.2014.2403"},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"36","article-title":"Increased Levels of Transition Metals in Breast Cancer Tissue","volume":"27","author":"Ionescu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McElroy, J.A., Kruse, R.L., Guthrie, J., Gangnon, R.E., and Robertson, J.D. (2017). Cadmium Exposure and EndometrialCancer Risk: A Large Midwestern, U.S. Population-Based Case-Control Study. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0179360"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6435","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-08-0329","article-title":"Long-Term Dietary Cadmium Intake and Postmenopausal Endometrial Cancer Incidence: A Population-Based Prospective Cohort Study","volume":"68","author":"Julin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eriksen, K.T., Halkj\u00e6r, J., S\u00f8rensen, M., Meliker, J.R., McElroy, J.A., Tj\u00f8nneland, A., and Raaschou-Nielsen, O. (2014). Dietary Cadmium Intake and Risk of Breast, Endometrial and Ovarian Cancer in Danish Postmenopausal Women: A Prospective Cohort Study. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0100815"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1307054","article-title":"Dietary Cadmium Exposure and Risk of Breast, Endometrial, and Ovarian Cancer in the Women\u2019s Health Initiative","volume":"122","author":"Adams","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2014.04.006","article-title":"Global perspectives on trace element requirements","volume":"31","author":"Sanjeevi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi, R., Kim, M.J., Sohn, I., Kim, S., Kim, I., Ryu, J.M., Choi, H.J., Kim, J.M., Lee, S.K., and Yu, J. (2018). Serum Trace Elements and Their Associations with Breast Cancer Subgroups in Korean Breast Cancer Patients. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11010037"}],"container-title":["Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-7737\/12\/5\/717\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:34:52Z","timestamp":1760124892000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-7737\/12\/5\/717"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,14]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["biology12050717"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biology12050717","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-7737"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-7737","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,14]]}}}