{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T00:22:08Z","timestamp":1793751728050,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":279,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]],"date-time":"2023-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684368000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A large amount of published research points to the interesting concept (hypothesis) that magnesium (Mg) status may have relevance for the outcome of COVID-19 and that Mg could be protective during the COVID disease course. As an essential element, Mg plays basic biochemical, cellular, and physiological roles required for cardiovascular, immunological, respiratory, and neurological functions. Both low serum and dietary Mg have been associated with the severity of COVID-19 outcomes, including mortality; both are also associated with COVID-19 risk factors such as older age, obesity, type 2 diabetes, kidney disease, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and asthma. In addition, populations with high rates of COVID-19 mortality and hospitalization tend to consume diets high in modern processed foods, which are generally low in Mg. In this review, we review the research to describe and consider the possible impact of Mg and Mg status on COVID-19 showing that (1) serum Mg between 2.19 and 2.26 mg\/dL and dietary Mg intakes &gt; 329 mg\/day could be protective during the disease course and (2) inhaled Mg may improve oxygenation of hypoxic COVID-19 patients. In spite of such promise, oral Mg for COVID-19 has thus far been studied only in combination with other nutrients. Mg deficiency is involved in the occurrence and aggravation of neuropsychiatric complications of COVID-19, including memory loss, cognition, loss of taste and smell, ataxia, confusion, dizziness, and headache. Potential of zinc and\/or Mg as useful for increasing drug therapy effectiveness or reducing adverse effect of anti-COVID-19 drugs is reviewed. Oral Mg trials of patients with COVID-19 are warranted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology12050735","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]],"date-time":"2023-05-18T07:35:50Z","timestamp":1684395350000},"page":"735","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Importance of Magnesium Status in COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9636-9870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Guerrero-Romero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research Unit, Mexican Social Security Institute, Durango 34067, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Micke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Therapy and Radiation Oncology, Franziskus Hospital, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3617-4921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis E.","family":"Simental-Mend\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research Unit, Mexican Social Security Institute, Durango 34067, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martha","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Mor\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research Unit, Mexican Social Security Institute, Durango 34067, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5954-5799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juergen","family":"Vormann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Prevention and Nutrition, 85737 Ismaning, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1426-6400","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Iotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Universita di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, 00136 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7150-0040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolina","family":"Banjanin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Hygiene and Medical Ecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7811-9517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Rosanoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CMER Center for Magnesium Education & Research, Pahoa, HI 96778, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0501-3831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shadi","family":"Baniasadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tracheal Diseases Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 198396-3113, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7898-0086","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guitti","family":"Pourdowlat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chronic Respiratory Diseases Research Centre, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 198396-3113, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mihai","family":"Nechifor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Gr. 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