{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T15:53:40Z","timestamp":1787068420095,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,15]],"date-time":"2023-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686787200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Medical University of Gdansk"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The regular cardiac response to immersion of the face in cold water is reduction in heart rate (HR). The highly individualized and unpredictable course of the cardiodepressive response prompted us to investigate the relationship between the cardiac response to face immersion and the resting HR. The research was conducted with 65 healthy volunteers (37 women and 28 men) with an average age of 21.13 years (20\u201327 years) and a BMI of 21.49 kg\/m2 (16.60\u201328.98). The face-immersion test consisted of stopping breathing after maximum inhaling and voluntarily immersing the face in cold water (8\u201310 \u00b0C) for as long as possible. Measurements included determination of minimum, average, and maximum HR at rest and minimum and maximum HR during the cold-water face-immersion test. The results indicate a strong relationship between the cardiodepressive reaction of the immersion of the face and the minimum HR before the test, as well as a relationship between the maximum HR during the test and the maximum HR at rest. The results also indicate a strong influence of neurogenic HR regulation on the described relationships. The parameters of the basal HR can, therefore, be used as prognostic indicators of the course of the cardiac response of the immersion test.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology12060869","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,16]],"date-time":"2023-06-16T02:54:33Z","timestamp":1686884073000},"page":"869","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Resting Heart Rate Affects Heart Response to Cold-Water Face Immersion Associated with Apnea"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Krzysztof S.","family":"Malinowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurophysiology, Neuropsychology and Neuroinformatics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomasz H.","family":"Wierzba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2480-8031","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. Patrick","family":"Neary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Kinesiology & Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1671-2163","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawe\u0142 J.","family":"Winklewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurophysiology, Neuropsychology and Neuroinformatics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Wsz\u0119dyby\u0142-Winklewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurophysiology, Neuropsychology and Neuroinformatics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland"},{"name":"Institute of Health Sciences, Pomeranian University of Slupsk, 76-200 Slupsk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02691277","article-title":"Mechanism of the human diving response","volume":"29","author":"Gooden","year":"1994","journal-title":"Integr. Physiol. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1681.2006.04518.x","article-title":"Reflexly evoked coactivation of cardiac vagal and sympathetic motor outflows: Observations and functional implications","volume":"33","author":"Paton","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"28","article-title":"Variable profile of individual heart rate responses to cold water immersion apnea in healthy late adolescent men","volume":"196\u2013197","author":"Wierzba","year":"2011","journal-title":"Georg. Med. News"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-199009050-00004","article-title":"Apnoeic Heart Rate Responses in Humans. A Review","volume":"9","author":"Manley","year":"1990","journal-title":"Sport. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2017.00673","article-title":"Editorial: The trigeminocardiac reflex: Beyond the diving reflex","volume":"11","author":"Schaller","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1097\/00001573-200401000-00003","article-title":"Autonomic aspects of arrhythmogenesis: The enduring and the new","volume":"19","author":"Verrier","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1540-8167.2002.00735.x","article-title":"Identification and characterization of atrioventricular parasympathetic innervation in humans","volume":"13","author":"Quan","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2005.00440.x","article-title":"The human diving response, its function, and its control","volume":"15","author":"Foster","year":"2005","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sport."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3219","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2012.229864","article-title":"\u201cAutonomic conflict\u201d: A different way to die during cold water immersion?","volume":"590","author":"Shattock","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2010.01246.x","article-title":"Diving reflex: Can the time course of heart rate reduction be quantified?","volume":"21","author":"Caspers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sport."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1984.56.1.202","article-title":"Temperature effect on the human dive response in relation to cold water near-drowning","volume":"56","author":"Hayward","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1152\/advan.00125.2013","article-title":"Using simulation of the diving reflex in humans to teach integrative physiology","volume":"38","author":"Choate","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Physiol. Educ."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1152\/advan.00045.2002","article-title":"Simulated human diving and heart rate: Making the most of the diving response as a laboratory exercise","volume":"27","author":"Hiebert","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Adv. Physiol. Educ."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Godek, D., and Freeman, A.M. (2021). StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-006-0119-0","article-title":"Heart rate variability: A review","volume":"44","author":"Acharya","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med. Biol. Eng. Comput."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smoli\u0144ska, M., Malinowski, K., Zaj\u0105czkowski, S., and Wierzba, T.H. (2014, January 25\u201328). Multiple baseline approach to predict the heart rate response to simulated diving in young adults. Proceedings of the 2014 8th Conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations (ESGCO), Trento, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/ESGCO.2014.6847592"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"104","article-title":"Z\u0142o\u017cony profil odruchowej odpowiedzi na nurkowanie Complex profile of the reflex diving response","volume":"69","author":"Wierzba","year":"2011","journal-title":"Kardiol. Pol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.01040","article-title":"A healthy heart is not a metronome: An integrative review of the heart\u2019s anatomy and heart rate variability","volume":"5","author":"Shaffer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2017.00258","article-title":"An Overview of Heart Rate Variability Metrics and Norms","volume":"5","author":"Shaffer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Public Heal."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1177\/1099800405285268","article-title":"Heart rate variability and 24-h minimum heart rate","volume":"7","author":"Burr","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol. Res. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malinowski, K.S., Wierzba, T.H., Neary, J.P., Winklewski, P.J., and Wsz\u0119dyby\u0142-Winklewska, M. (2023). Heart Rate Variability at Rest Predicts Heart Response to Simulated Diving. Biology, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology12010125"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/s10286-016-0342-1","article-title":"Diurnal variation in the diving bradycardia response in young men","volume":"26","author":"Konishi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Auton. Res. Off. J. Clin. Auton. Res. Soc."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-097X.2011.01070.x","article-title":"Heart rate variability in free diving athletes","volume":"32","author":"Christoforidi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Physiol. Funct. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.90991.2008","article-title":"The physiology and pathophysiology of human breath-hold diving","volume":"106","author":"Lindholm","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-008-0945-x","article-title":"Hypoxia and cardiac arrhythmias in breath-hold divers during voluntary immersed breath-holds","volume":"105","author":"Hansel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1987.63.2.665","article-title":"Dive response of children in relation to cold-water near-drowning","volume":"63","author":"Ramey","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.89.4.1697","article-title":"Innervation of the human cardiac conduction system. A quantitative immunohistochemical and histochemical study","volume":"89","author":"Crick","year":"1994","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1158","article-title":"Autonomic innervation of the human cardiac conduction system: Changes from infancy to senility\u2014An immunohistochemical and histochemical analysis","volume":"264","author":"Chow","year":"2001","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.94.2.122","article-title":"Sex-related differences in autonomic modulation of heart rate in middle-aged subjects","volume":"94","author":"Huikuri","year":"1996","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"123","article-title":"Circulatory functions during immersion and breath-hold dives in humans","volume":"11","author":"Lin","year":"1984","journal-title":"Undersea. Biomed. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(96)00018-6","article-title":"Gender differences in heart rate before and after autonomic blockade: Evidence against an intrinsic gender effect","volume":"100","author":"Burke","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.110.2.135","article-title":"Increased expression of the cardiac L-type calcium channel in estrogen receptor-deficient mice","volume":"110","author":"Johnson","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Gen. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8167.1998.tb00951.x","article-title":"Sex steroids and cardiac arrhythmia: More questions than answers","volume":"9","author":"Rubart","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1080\/10253890.2019.1621282","article-title":"Sex differences in heart rate responses to occupational stress","volume":"23","author":"Lucas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stress"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-018-0167-9","article-title":"Sex differences in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis\u2019 response to stress: An important role for gonadal hormones","volume":"44","author":"Heck","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"}],"container-title":["Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-7737\/12\/6\/869\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:56:06Z","timestamp":1760126166000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-7737\/12\/6\/869"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,15]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["biology12060869"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biology12060869","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-7737"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-7737","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,15]]}}}