{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T15:03:26Z","timestamp":1790694206987,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":313,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,14]],"date-time":"2023-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689292800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH","award":["R01-GM127656"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-GM127656"]}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["R01-CA219342"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-CA219342"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Proline isomerization, the process of interconversion between the cis- and trans-forms of proline, is an important and unique post-translational modification that can affect protein folding and conformations, and ultimately regulate protein functions and biological pathways. Although impactful, the importance and prevalence of proline isomerization as a regulation mechanism in biological systems have not been fully understood or recognized. Aiming to fill gaps and bring new awareness, we attempt to provide a wholistic review on proline isomerization that firstly covers what proline isomerization is and the basic chemistry behind it. In this section, we vividly show that the cause of the unique ability of proline to adopt both cis- and trans-conformations in significant abundance is rooted from the steric hindrance of these two forms being similar, which is different from that in linear residues. We then discuss how proline isomerization was discovered historically followed by an introduction to all three types of proline isomerases and how proline isomerization plays a role in various cellular responses, such as cell cycle regulation, DNA damage repair, T-cell activation, and ion channel gating. We then explore various human diseases that have been linked to the dysregulation of proline isomerization. Finally, we wrap up with the current stage of various inhibitors developed to target proline isomerases as a strategy for therapeutic development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology12071008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,17]],"date-time":"2023-07-17T00:35:04Z","timestamp":1689554104000},"page":"1008","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Proline Isomerization: From the Chemistry and Biology to Therapeutic Opportunities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9908-2952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deepti","family":"Gurung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, OH 43614, USA"},{"name":"Department of Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, OH 43614, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9998-0456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacob A","family":"Danielson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, OH 43614, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Afsara","family":"Tasnim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, University of Toledo College of Engineering, Toledo, OH 43606, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian-Ting","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, OH 43614, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, OH 43614, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing-Yuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, OH 43614, USA"},{"name":"Department of Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, OH 43614, USA"},{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, University of Toledo College of Engineering, Toledo, OH 43606, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1002\/cber.190003301201","article-title":"Synthesis of hygric acid","volume":"33","author":"Willstatter","year":"1900","journal-title":"Berichte Dtsch. 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