{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]],"date-time":"2026-11-10T16:40:36Z","timestamp":1794328836852,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,18]],"date-time":"2023-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689638400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Paranasal sinuses represent one of the most individualizing structures of the human body and some of them have been already analyzed for possible applications to personal identification, such as the frontal and sphenoid sinuses. This study explores the application of 3D\u20133D superimposition to maxillary sinuses in personal identification. One hundred head CT-scans of adult subjects (equally divided among males and females) were extracted from a hospital database. Maxillary sinuses were segmented twice from each subject through ITK-SNAP software and the correspondent 3D models were automatically superimposed to obtain 100 matches (when they belonged to the same person) and 100 mismatches (when they were extracted from different individuals), both from the right and left side. Average RMS (root mean square) point-to-point distance was then calculated for all the superimpositions; differences according to sex, side, and group (matches and mismatches) were assessed through three-way ANOVA test (p &lt; 0.017). On average, RMS values were lower in matches (0.26 \u00b1 0.19 mm in males, 0.24 \u00b1 0.18 mm in females) than in mismatches (2.44 \u00b1 0.87 mm in males, 2.20 \u00b1 0.73 mm in females) with a significant difference (p &lt; 0.001). No significant differences were found according to sex or side (p &gt; 0.017). The study verified the potential of maxillary sinuses as reliable anatomical structures for personal identification in the forensic context.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology12071018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,18]],"date-time":"2023-07-18T01:31:32Z","timestamp":1689643892000},"page":"1018","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Assessment of Anatomical Uniqueness of Maxillary Sinuses through 3D\u20133D Superimposition: An Additional Help to Personal Identification"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9292-6761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Palamenghi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LAFAS\u2014Laboratorio di Anatomia Funzionale dell\u2019Apparato Stomatognatico, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, Via Luigi Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milano, Italy"},{"name":"LABANOF\u2014Laboratorio di Antropologia e Odontologia Forense, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, Via Luigi Mangiagalli 37, 20133 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4527-4203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annalisa","family":"Cappella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, Via Luigi Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milano, Italy"},{"name":"U.O. Laboratorio di Morfologia Umana Applicata, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7401-1971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michaela","family":"Cellina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reparto di Radiologia, Ospedale Fatebenefratelli, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, 20121 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6388-9415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danilo","family":"De Angelis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LABANOF\u2014Laboratorio di Antropologia e Odontologia Forense, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, Via Luigi Mangiagalli 37, 20133 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6532-6464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiarella","family":"Sforza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAFAS\u2014Laboratorio di Anatomia Funzionale dell\u2019Apparato Stomatognatico, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, Via Luigi Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Cattaneo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LABANOF\u2014Laboratorio di Antropologia e Odontologia Forense, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, Via Luigi Mangiagalli 37, 20133 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9591-1047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniele","family":"Gibelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAFAS\u2014Laboratorio di Anatomia Funzionale dell\u2019Apparato Stomatognatico, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, Via Luigi Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1080\/20961790.2018.1523704","article-title":"Contributions of Forensic Anthropology to Positive Scientific Identification: A Critical Review","volume":"4","author":"Ubelaker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. 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