{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T02:19:38Z","timestamp":1788574778293,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,5]],"date-time":"2023-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691193600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture of Japan JSPS KAKENHI","award":["20K05951"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20K05951"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture of Japan JSPS KAKENHI","award":["23KJ0285"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23KJ0285"]}]},{"name":"JSPS Fellows","award":["20K05951"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20K05951"]}]},{"name":"JSPS Fellows","award":["23KJ0285"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23KJ0285"]}]},{"name":"Kao Foundation for Health Science","award":["20K05951"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20K05951"]}]},{"name":"Kao Foundation for Health Science","award":["23KJ0285"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23KJ0285"]}]},{"name":"Gout and Uric Acid Foundation","award":["20K05951"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20K05951"]}]},{"name":"Gout and Uric Acid Foundation","award":["23KJ0285"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23KJ0285"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The central nervous system (CNS) plays a crucial role in regulating bodily functions by sensing and integrating environmental cues and maintaining proper physiological conditions. Recent research has revealed that CNS functions are closely coordinated with the immune system. As even minor disturbances of the immune system in the CNS can lead to various dysfunctions, diseases, or even death, it is highly specialized and segregated from that in peripheral regions. Microglia in the parenchyma and macrophages at the interface between the CNS and peripheral regions are essential immune cells in the CNS that monitor environmental changes. Recent omics analyses have revealed that these cells exhibit highly heterogeneous populations. In this review, we summarize the functions and diversity of microglia in the brain parenchyma and those of macrophages in the border regions, such as the meninges, perivascular spaces, and choroid plexus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology12081091","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,5]],"date-time":"2023-08-05T10:21:39Z","timestamp":1691230899000},"page":"1091","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Towards an Understanding of Microglia and Border-Associated Macrophages"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1275-3563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takumi","family":"Taketomi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"PhD Program in Human Biology, School of Integrative and Global Majors, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fuminori","family":"Tsuruta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PhD Program in Human Biology, School of Integrative and Global Majors, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan"},{"name":"Master\u2019s and Doctoral Programs in Biology, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan"},{"name":"PhD Program in Humanics, School of Integrative and Global Majors, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan"},{"name":"Master\u2019s and Doctoral Program in Neuroscience, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15837","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms15837","article-title":"Targeted two-photon chemical apoptotic ablation of defined cell types in vivo","volume":"8","author":"Hill","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. 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