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Like many other respiratory viruses, SARS-CoV-2 can spread to other organ systems. Apart from causing diarrhea, another very common but debilitating complication caused by SARS-CoV-2 is neurological symptoms and cognitive difficulties, which occur in up to two thirds of hospitalized COVID-19 patients and range from shortness of concentration and overall declined cognitive speed to executive or memory function impairment. Neuro-cognitive dysfunction and \u201cbrain fog\u201d are frequently present in COVID-19 cases, which can last several months after the infection, leading to disruption of daily life. Cumulative evidence suggests that SARS-CoV-2 affects vasculature in the extra-pulmonary systems directly or indirectly, leading to impairment of endothelial function and even multi-organ damage. The post COVID-19 long-lasting neurocognitive impairments have not been studied fully and their underlying mechanism remains elusive. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the effects of COVID-19 on vascular dysfunction and how vascular dysfunction leads to cognitive impairment in patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology12081106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,9]],"date-time":"2023-08-09T10:08:59Z","timestamp":1691575739000},"page":"1106","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Vascular Dysfunctions Contribute to the Long-Term Cognitive Deficits Following COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Zahra","family":"Shabani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Cerebrovascular Research, University of California (San Francisco), San Francisco, CA 94131, USA"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California (San Francisco), San Francisco, CA 94131, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jialing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of California (San Francisco), San Francisco, CA 94131, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1566-9877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hua","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Cerebrovascular Research, University of California (San Francisco), San Francisco, CA 94131, USA"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California (San Francisco), San Francisco, CA 94131, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"e10025","article-title":"A case of COVID-19 with memory impairment and delayed presentation as stroke","volume":"12","author":"Garg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.2648","article-title":"Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: Summary of a report of 72 314 cases from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention","volume":"323","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4903","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-021-05586-4","article-title":"Long-term neurological manifestations of COVID-19: Prevalence and predictive factors","volume":"42","author":"Pilotto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurol. 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