{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T06:07:01Z","timestamp":1772690821824,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]],"date-time":"2023-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694390400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"JPSP KAKENHI","award":["25462932"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25462932"]}]},{"name":"JPSP KAKENHI","award":["18K09514"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18K09514"]}]},{"name":"JPSP KAKENHI","award":["18K08869"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18K08869"]}]},{"name":"JPSP KAKENHI","award":["21K08955"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21K08955"]}]},{"name":"JPSP KAKENHI","award":["22K09120"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22K09120"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>d-serine has been observed in submandibular gland tissue in rats, but its functions remain to be clarified. Oral administration of d-serine, but not l-serine, increased its concentrations in the submandibular gland and pilocarpine-induced salivary secretion. In vivo microdialysis was used to collect the d- and l-enantiomers of amino acids from local interstitial fluid in the rat submandibular gland. The proportion of the d-form of serine in interstitial fluid was higher than that in plasma or saliva. Perfusion of the rat submandibular gland with d-serine and l-glutamic acid via the submandibular gland artery resulted in a significant increase in salivary secretion after stimulation of muscarinic receptors with carbachol. In vivo microdialysis applied to the submandibular glands of rats showed that infusion of d-serine along with l-glutamate through the microdialysis probe significantly elevated acetylcholine levels in local interstitial fluids in the submandibular glands of anesthetized rats as compared to that with l-glutamate alone in an N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor glycine site antagonist-sensitive manner. These results indicate that d-serine augments salivary secretion by increasing acetylcholine release in the salivary glands.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology12091227","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]],"date-time":"2023-09-11T08:58:08Z","timestamp":1694422688000},"page":"1227","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["d-Serine Increases Release of Acetylcholine in Rat Submandibular Glands"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Masanobu","family":"Yoshikawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tokai University, Isehara 259-1193, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Migiwa","family":"Okubo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kawano Dental Clinic, Yachimata 289-1101, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kosuke","family":"Shirose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Tokai University, Isehara 259-1193, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takugi","family":"Kan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Tokai University, Isehara 259-1193, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mitsuru","family":"Kawaguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tokyo Dental College, Misaki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104990","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2021.104990","article-title":"Forebrain expression of serine racemase during postnatal development","volume":"145","author":"Folorunso","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurochem. 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