{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:31:15Z","timestamp":1760149875231,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,20]],"date-time":"2023-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695168000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["130423","81901596"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["130423","81901596"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["130423","81901596"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["130423","81901596"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The hygiene hypothesis suggests that some infections may inhibit the development of allergic diseases, but the mechanism remains unclear. Our previous study has shown that Chlamydia muridarum (Cm) lung infection can inhibit local eosinophilic inflammation induced by ovalbumin (OVA) through the modulation of dendritic cell (DC) and T cell responses in mice. In this study, we explored the role of B cells in the chlamydial-infection-mediated modulation of allergic responses. The results showed that adoptive transfer of B cells isolated from Cm-infected mice (Cm-B cells), unlike those from na\u00efve mice (na\u00efve B cells), could effectively inhibit allergic airway eosinophilia and mucus overproduction, as well as Th2 cytokine responses. In addition, total IgE\/IgG1 and OVA-specific IgE\/IgG1 antibodies in the serum were also decreased by the adoptive transfer of Cm-B cells. Intracellular cytokine analysis showed that B cells from Cm-infected mice produced higher levels of IFN\u03b3 than those from na\u00efve mice. More interestingly, the inhibiting effect of adoptively transferred Cm-B cells on allergic reactions was virtually abolished by the simultaneous blockade of IFN\u03b3 using a monoclonal antibody. The results suggest that B cells modulated by chlamydial lung infection could play a regulatory role in OVA-induced acute allergic responses in the lung via the production of IFN\u03b3. The results provide new insights into the targets related to the prevention and treatment of allergic diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology12091259","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,20]],"date-time":"2023-09-20T21:26:32Z","timestamp":1695245192000},"page":"1259","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["IFN\u03b3-Producing B Cells Play a Regulating Role in Infection-Mediated Inhibition of Allergy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7542-484X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sai","family":"Qiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Rady Max College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Rady Max College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Rady Max College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Rady Max College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chunyan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Rady Max College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Rady Max College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rony","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Rady Max College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Rady Max College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuhe","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Rady Max College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Rady Max College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8831-7488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Rady Max College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Rady Max College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.299.6710.1259","article-title":"Hay fever, hygiene, and household size","volume":"299","author":"Strachan","year":"1989","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1007302","article-title":"Exposure to environmental microorganisms and childhood asthma","volume":"364","author":"Ege","year":"2011","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1878","DOI":"10.1111\/all.15762","article-title":"Laundry detergents and surfactants-induced eosinophilic airway inflammation by increasing IL-33 expression and activating ILC2s","volume":"78","author":"Saito","year":"2023","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789379","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.789379","article-title":"Hygiene Hypothesis Indicators and Prevalence of Antinuclear Antibodies in US Adolescents","volume":"13","author":"Meier","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1006\/clim.2001.5144","article-title":"Chlamydia trachomatis infection inhibits airway eosinophilic inflammation induced by ragweed","volume":"102","author":"Bilenki","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qiu, S., Fan, X., Yang, Y., Dong, P., Zhou, W., Xu, Y., Zhou, Y., Guo, F., Zheng, Y., and Yang, J.-Q. (2017). Schistosoma japonicum infection downregulates house dust mite-induced allergic airway inflammation in mice. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0179565"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3857","article-title":"A gammaherpesvirus provides protection against allergic asthma by inducing the replacement of resident alveolar macrophages with regulatory monocytes","volume":"18","author":"Machiels","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, B., Liu, R., Yang, T., Jiang, X., Zhang, L., Wang, L., Wang, Q., Luo, Z., Liu, E., and Fu, Z. (2015). Neonatal Streptococcus pneumoniae infection may aggravate adulthood allergic airways disease in association with IL-17A. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0123010"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0019-2805.2002.01377.x","article-title":"Mycobacterial infection inhibits established allergic inflammatory responses via alteration of cytokine production and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression","volume":"105","author":"Yang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201141833","article-title":"CD8\u03b1+ and CD8\u03b1\u2212 DC subsets from BCG-infected mice inhibit allergic Th2-cell responses by enhancing Th1-cell and Treg-cell activity respectively","volume":"42","author":"Gao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7288","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0902829","article-title":"Dendritic cells from mycobacteria-infected mice inhibits established allergic airway inflammatory responses to ragweed via IL-10- and IL-12-secreting mechanisms","volume":"184","author":"Bilenki","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4621","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.180.7.4621","article-title":"NK cells contribute to intracellular bacterial infection-mediated inhibition of allergic responses","volume":"180","author":"Han","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.04.001","article-title":"The immune potential and immunopathology of cytokine-producing B cell subsets: A comprehensive review","volume":"55","author":"Bao","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trim.2017.02.004","article-title":"Regulatory B cells: Phenotype, function and role in transplantation","volume":"41","author":"Wortel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transpl. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4826","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01073-15","article-title":"Role of B cells in host defense against primary Coxiella burnetii infection","volume":"83","author":"Schoenlaub","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1038\/82717","article-title":"Reciprocal regulation of polarized cytokine production by effector B and T cells","volume":"1","author":"Harris","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12105","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1120914109","article-title":"Defect in regulatory B-cell function and development of systemic autoimmunity in T-cell Ig mucin 1 (Tim-1) mucin domain-mutant mice","volume":"109","author":"Xiao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6070","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1400654","article-title":"Infiltrating regulatory B cells control neuroinflammation following viral brain infection","volume":"193","author":"Mutnal","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-005-1387-0","article-title":"Deficiency of regulatory B cells increases allergic airway inflammation","volume":"54","author":"Lundy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1111\/all.12697","article-title":"A regulatory CD9+ B-cell subset inhibits HDM-induced allergic airway inflammation","volume":"70","author":"Braza","year":"2015","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2010.01.018","article-title":"Regulatory B cells prevent and reverse allergic airway inflammation via FoxP3-positive T regulatory cells in a murine model","volume":"125","author":"Amu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3857","article-title":"Antibody-independent functions of B cells: A focus on cytokines","volume":"15","author":"Shen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12374","article-title":"Cytokine-producing B cells: A translational view on their roles in human and mouse autoimmune diseases","volume":"269","author":"Lino","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201445036","article-title":"B cells expressing IFN-\u03b3 suppress Treg-cell differentiation and promote autoimmune experimental arthritis","volume":"45","author":"Olalekan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20021293","article-title":"Prevention of arthritis by interleukin 10-producing B cells","volume":"197","author":"Mauri","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1038\/76251","article-title":"Therapeutic activity of agonistic monoclonal antibodies against CD40 in a chronic autoimmune inflammatory process","volume":"6","author":"Mauri","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201545544","article-title":"Pathogenic functions of B cells in autoimmune diseases: IFN-\u03b3 production joins the criminal gang","volume":"45","author":"Fillatreau","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2783","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1001431","article-title":"TLR and B cell receptor signals to B cells differentially program primary and memory Th1 responses to Salmonella enterica","volume":"185","author":"Barr","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2013.155","article-title":"Identification of IFN-\u03b3-producing innate B cells","volume":"24","author":"Bao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3460","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-4141(200112)31:12<3460::AID-IMMU3460>3.0.CO;2-X","article-title":"CD19+ cells produce IFN-\u03b3 in mice infected with Borrelia burgdorferi","volume":"31","author":"Ganapamo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."}],"container-title":["Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-7737\/12\/9\/1259\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:53:54Z","timestamp":1760129634000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-7737\/12\/9\/1259"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,20]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["biology12091259"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biology12091259","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-7737"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2079-7737"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,20]]}}}