{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T16:35:07Z","timestamp":1791477307394,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,2]],"date-time":"2023-11-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698883200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Intense changes in mineral and bone metabolism are frequent in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and represent an important cause of morbidity and reduced quality of life. These disorders have conventionally been defined as renal osteodystrophy and classified based on bone biopsy, but due to a lack of bone biopsy data and validated radiological methods to evaluate bone morphology in children, it has been challenging to effectively assess renal osteodystrophy in pediatric CKD; the consequence has been the suboptimal management of bone disorders in children. CKD\u2013mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD) is a new expression used to describe a systemic disorder of mineral and bone metabolism as a result of CKD. CKD-MBD is a triad of biochemical imbalances in calcium, phosphate, parathyroid hormone, and vitamin D; bone deformities and soft tissue calcification. This literature review aims to explore the pathogenesis, diagnostic approach, and treatment of CKD-MBD in children and the effects of renal osteodystrophy on growing skeleton, with a specific focus on the biological basis of this peculiar condition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology12111395","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,2]],"date-time":"2023-11-02T02:05:07Z","timestamp":1698890707000},"page":"1395","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Bone Disorders in Pediatric Chronic Kidney Disease: A Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9771-1949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lavinia","family":"Capossela","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pediatrics, Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli IRCCS, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6479-1540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Serena","family":"Ferretti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pediatrics, Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli IRCCS, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"D\u2019Alonzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCSS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4837-9297","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Di Sarno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pediatrics, Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli IRCCS, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0589-8011","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valeria","family":"Pansini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pediatrics, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonietta","family":"Curatola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pediatrics, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Chiaretti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pediatrics, Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli IRCCS, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8778-9328","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Gatto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pediatrics, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfaa210","article-title":"Bone evaluation in paediatric chronic kidney disease: Clinical practice points from the European Society for Paediatric Nephrology CKD-MBD and Dialysis working groups and CKD-MBD working group of the ERA-EDTA","volume":"36","author":"Bakkaloglu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. 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