{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T12:49:58Z","timestamp":1780318198061,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,5]],"date-time":"2023-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699142400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The evaluation of third molar eruption in dental panoramic radiographs (DPRs) constitutes an evidence-based approach for forensic age assessment in living individuals. Existing methodologies involve staging morphological radiographic findings and comparing them to reference populations. Conversely, the existing literature presents an alternative method where the distance between third molars and the occlusal plane is measured on dental plaster models. The aim of this study was to adapt this measurement principle for DPRs and to determine correlation between eruption and chronological age. A total of 423 DPRs, encompassing 220 females and 203 males aged 15 to 25 years, were examined, including teeth 38 [FDI] and 48. Two independent examiners conducted the measurements, with one examiner providing dual assessments. Ultimately, a quotient was derived by comparing orthogonal distances from the mesial cementoenamel junctions of the second and third molars to a simplified radiological occlusal plane. This quotient was subsequently correlated with the individual\u2019s age. We estimated correlations between age and quotients, as well as inter- and intra-rater reliability. Correlation coefficients (Spearman\u2019s rho) between measurements and individuals\u2019 ages ranged from 0.555 to 0.597, conditional on sex and tooth. Intra-rater agreement (Krippendorf\u2019s alpha) ranged from 0.932 to 0.991, varying according to the tooth and sex. Inter-rater agreement ranged from 0.984 to 0.992, with distinctions drawn for different teeth and sex. Notably, all observer agreement values fell within the \u201cvery good\u201d range. In summary, assessing the distance of third molars from a simplified occlusal plane in DPRs emerges as a new and promising method for evaluating eruption status in forensic age assessment. Subsequent reference studies should validate these findings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology12111403","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,5]],"date-time":"2023-11-05T07:35:06Z","timestamp":1699169706000},"page":"1403","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Third Molar Eruption in Dental Panoramic Radiographs as a Feature for Forensic Age Assessment\u2014Presentation of a New Non-Staging Method Based on Measurements"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7717-3378","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maximilian","family":"Timme","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital M\u00fcnster, R\u00f6ntgenstra\u00dfe 23, 48149 M\u00fcnster, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jostin","family":"Bender","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital M\u00fcnster, R\u00f6ntgenstra\u00dfe 23, 48149 M\u00fcnster, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurin","family":"Steffens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital M\u00fcnster, R\u00f6ntgenstra\u00dfe 23, 48149 M\u00fcnster, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9242-4094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Denys","family":"Shay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital M\u00fcnster, R\u00f6ntgenstra\u00dfe 23, 48149 M\u00fcnster, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0135-1617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Schmeling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital M\u00fcnster, R\u00f6ntgenstra\u00dfe 23, 48149 M\u00fcnster, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kazmi, S., Zaidi, S.J.A., Reesu, G.V., and Shepherd, S. (2023). Dental age estimation using the Kvaal method-an evaluation of length and width ratios: A systematic review. Forensic Sci. Med. 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