{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T05:29:44Z","timestamp":1790832584355,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,16]],"date-time":"2023-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700092800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["21K11200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21K11200"]}]},{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["22H05082"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22H05082"]}]},{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["22H05079"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22H05079"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cerebellar reserve compensates for and restores functions lost through cerebellar damage. This is a fundamental property of cerebellar circuitry. Clinical studies suggest (1) the involvement of synaptic plasticity in the cerebellar cortex for functional compensation and restoration, and (2) that the integrity of the cerebellar reserve requires the survival and functioning of cerebellar nuclei. On the other hand, recent physiological studies have shown that the internal forward model, embedded within the cerebellum, controls motor accuracy in a predictive fashion, and that maintaining predictive control to achieve accurate motion ultimately promotes learning and compensatory processes. Furthermore, within the proposed framework of the Kalman filter, the current status is transformed into a predictive state in the cerebellar cortex (prediction step), whereas the predictive state and sensory feedback from the periphery are integrated into a filtered state at the cerebellar nuclei (filtering step). Based on the abovementioned clinical and physiological studies, we propose that the cerebellar reserve consists of two elementary mechanisms which are critical for cerebellar functions: the first is involved in updating predictions in the residual or affected cerebellar cortex, while the second acts by adjusting its updated forecasts with the current status in the cerebellar nuclei. Cerebellar cortical lesions would impair predictive behavior, whereas cerebellar nuclear lesions would impact on adjustments of neuronal commands. We postulate that the multiple forms of distributed plasticity at the cerebellar cortex and cerebellar nuclei are the neuronal events which allow the cerebellar reserve to operate in vivo. This cortico-deep cerebellar nuclei loop model attributes two complementary functions as the underpinnings behind cerebellar reserve.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology12111435","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,16]],"date-time":"2023-11-16T01:56:29Z","timestamp":1700099789000},"page":"1435","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Morphological and Functional Principles Governing the Plasticity Reserve in the Cerebellum: The Cortico-Deep Cerebellar Nuclei Loop Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0513-1811","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Mitoma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Education, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shinji","family":"Kakei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Jissen Women\u2019s University, Tokyo 191-8510, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hirokazu","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information Technology, Tokyo City University, Tokyo 158-8557, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Manto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cerebellar Ataxias Unit, Department of Neurology, M\u00e9diath\u00e8que Jean Jacquy, CHU-Charleroi, 6042 Charleroi, Belgium"},{"name":"Service des Neurosciences, University of Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eccles, J.C., Ito, M., and Szentagothai, J. 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