{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:40:13Z","timestamp":1760150413144,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,27]],"date-time":"2023-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701043200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Joint Institute for Nuclear Research"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Unicellular protozoa form calcium carbonate tests. It is important to understand the features and mechanisms of its formation. This may shed light on the processes of shell formation in metazoans. One of the most important characteristics of the Protozoa carbonate test is the degree of crystal ordering that can be described by crystallographic texture. The crystallographic texture data of calcite in the foraminifera Nummulites distans (Deshayes) test from the Eocene deposits (Cenozoic, Paleogene) of the Crimea Peninsula are obtained using X-ray diffraction. A very strict orientation of the crystals is revealed. The calcite texture sharpness is several times greater than in the shells of the bivalve mollusk Placuna placenta (Linnaeus), measured by the same method. It also exceeds the crystallographic texture and sharpness of the same mineral in the shells of the bivalves of Mytilus galloprovincialis (Lamarck), studied by neutron diffraction. It is concluded that a high level of control during test formation is already characteristic of protozoa. Studying the processes involved in the formation of a very sharp crystallographic texture can become an important direction for creating nature-like materials with desired properties.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology12121472","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,27]],"date-time":"2023-11-27T11:54:48Z","timestamp":1701086088000},"page":"1472","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Local Crystallographic Texture of a Nummulite (Foraminifera) Test from the Eocene Deposits of the Crimea Peninsula"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Alexey","family":"Pakhnevich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Borissiak Paleontological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117647 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, 141980 Dubna, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dmitry","family":"Nikolayev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, 141980 Dubna, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9047-2399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tatiana","family":"Lychagina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, 141980 Dubna, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7008198","article-title":"Minerals formed by organisms","volume":"211","author":"Lowenstam","year":"1981","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lowenstam, H.A., and Weiner, S. 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