{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:59:45Z","timestamp":1792789185249,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":112,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,30]],"date-time":"2023-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703894400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"West-Siberian Science and Education Center, Government of Tyumen District, Decree of 20.11.2020","award":["928-rp"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["928-rp"]}]},{"name":"West-Siberian Science and Education Center, Government of Tyumen District, Decree of 20.11.2020","award":["FMEN 2022-0009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FMEN 2022-0009"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012190","name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["928-rp"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["928-rp"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012190","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012190","name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FMEN 2022-0009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FMEN 2022-0009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012190","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study explores the relationship between the light features of the Arctic spring equinox and circadian rhythms, sleep and metabolic health. Residents (N = 62) provided week-long actigraphy measures, including light exposure, which were related to body mass index (BMI), leptin and cortisol. Lower wrist temperature (wT) and higher evening blue light exposure (BLE), expressed as a novel index, the nocturnal excess index (NEIbl), were the most sensitive actigraphy measures associated with BMI. A higher BMI was linked to nocturnal BLE within distinct time windows. These associations were present specifically in carriers of the MTNR1B rs10830963 G-allele. A larger wake-after-sleep onset (WASO), smaller 24 h amplitude and earlier phase of the activity rhythm were associated with higher leptin. Higher cortisol was associated with an earlier M10 onset of BLE and with our other novel index, the Daylight Deficit Index of blue light, DDIbl. We also found sex-, age- and population-dependent differences in the parametric and non-parametric indices of BLE, wT and physical activity, while there were no differences in any sleep characteristics. Overall, this study determined sensitive actigraphy markers of light exposure and wT predictive of metabolic health and showed that these markers are linked to melatonin receptor polymorphism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology13010022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,31]],"date-time":"2023-12-31T06:00:21Z","timestamp":1704002421000},"page":"22","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Blue Light and Temperature Actigraphy Measures Predicting Metabolic Health Are Linked to Melatonin Receptor Polymorphism"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2028-1033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Denis","family":"Gubin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Tyumen Medical University, 625023 Tyumen, Russia"},{"name":"Laboratory for Chronobiology and Chronomedicine, Research Institute of Biomedicine and Biomedical Technologies, Tyumen Medical University, 625023 Tyumen, Russia"},{"name":"Tyumen Cardiology Research Center, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 634009 Tomsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2096-4216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konstantin","family":"Danilenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Chronobiology and Chronomedicine, Research Institute of Biomedicine and Biomedical Technologies, Tyumen Medical University, 625023 Tyumen, Russia"},{"name":"Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine, 630117 Novosibirsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0199-6500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oliver","family":"Stefani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Engineering and Architecture, Institute of Building Technology and Energy, Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts, 6048 Horw, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3104-3639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergey","family":"Kolomeichuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Genomics, Proteomics, and Metabolomics, Research Institute of Biomedicine and Biomedical Technologies, Medical University, 625023 Tyumen, Russia"},{"name":"Laboratory of Genetics, Institute of Biology of the Karelian Science Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 185910 Petrozavodsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Markov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Genomics, Proteomics, and Metabolomics, Research Institute of Biomedicine and Biomedical Technologies, Medical University, 625023 Tyumen, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivan","family":"Petrov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological & Medical Physics UNESCO, Medical University, 625023 Tyumen, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirill","family":"Voronin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Genomics, Proteomics, and Metabolomics, Research Institute of Biomedicine and Biomedical Technologies, Medical University, 625023 Tyumen, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Mezhakova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Genomics, Proteomics, and Metabolomics, Research Institute of Biomedicine and Biomedical Technologies, Medical University, 625023 Tyumen, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4310-2010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mikhail","family":"Borisenkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Immunology and Biotechnology, Institute of Physiology of the Federal Research Centre Komi Science Centre, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 167982 Syktyvkar, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aislu","family":"Shigabaeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Chronobiology and Chronomedicine, Research Institute of Biomedicine and Biomedical Technologies, Tyumen Medical University, 625023 Tyumen, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalya","family":"Yuzhakova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Genomics, Proteomics, and Metabolomics, Research Institute of Biomedicine and Biomedical Technologies, Medical University, 625023 Tyumen, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Svetlana","family":"Lobkina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Healthcare Institution of Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug \u201cTarko-Sale Central District Hospital\u201d, 629850 Urengoy, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dietmar","family":"Weinert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biology\/Zoology, Martin Luther University, 06108 Halle-Wittenberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1698-1590","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Germaine","family":"Cornelissen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrated Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3743","article-title":"Light as a central modulator of circadian rhythms, sleep and affect","volume":"15","author":"LeGates","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/s11818-019-00215-x","article-title":"Effects of light on human circadian rhythms, sleep and mood","volume":"23","author":"Blume","year":"2019","journal-title":"Somnologie"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wirz-Justice, A., Skene, D.J., and M\u00fcnch, M. (2021). The relevance of daylight for humans. Biochem. Pharmacol., 191.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2020.114304"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-25950-0_13","article-title":"Light and the human circadian clock","volume":"217","author":"Roenneberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Handb. Exp. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.201500026","article-title":"Synchronization of the mammalian circadian timing system: Light can control peripheral clocks independently of the SCN clock: Alternate routes of entrainment optimize the alignment of the body\u2019s circadian clock network with external time","volume":"37","author":"Husse","year":"2015","journal-title":"BioEssays"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2100094118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2100094118","article-title":"Bright daytime light enhances circadian amplitude in a diurnal mammal","volume":"118","author":"Martial","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brown, T.M., Brainard, G.C., Cajochen, C., Czeisler, C.A., Hanifin, J.P., Lockley, S.W., Lucas, R.J., M\u00fcnch, M., O\u2019Hagan, J.B., and Peirson, S.N. (2022). Recommendations for daytime, evening, and nighttime indoor light exposure to best support physiology, sleep, and wakefulness in healthy adults. PLoS Biol., 20.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3001571"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.3109\/07420528.2011.635232","article-title":"Outdoor light at night (LAN) is correlated with eveningness in adolescents","volume":"29","author":"Vollmer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chronobiol. Int."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2013.06.039","article-title":"Entrainment of the human circadian clock to the natural light-dark cycle","volume":"23","author":"Wright","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s40101-022-00316-x","article-title":"Circadian phase advances in children during camping life according to the natural light-dark cycle","volume":"41","author":"Eto","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Anthropol."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"39","article-title":"The rhythms of arterial pressure and heart rate in individuals with arterial hypertension under the conditions of Far North","volume":"84","author":"Gapon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Klin. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.3109\/07420528.2012.668997","article-title":"Biological rhythms during residence in Polar Regions","volume":"29","author":"Arendt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chronobiol. Int."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"285","article-title":"Circadian disruption and Vascular Variability Disorders (VVD)\u2014Mechanisms linking aging, disease state and Arctic shift-work: Applications for chronotherapy","volume":"5","author":"Gubin","year":"2013","journal-title":"World Heart J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2014.12.012","article-title":"Sleep deficits in the High Arctic summer in relation to light exposure and behaviour: Use of melatonin as a countermeasure","volume":"16","author":"Paul","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sleep. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2019.112686","article-title":"Summer-winter difference in 24-h melatonin rhythms in subjects on a 5-workdays schedule in Siberia without daylight saving time transitions","volume":"212","author":"Danilenko","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"zsac100","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsac100","article-title":"Sleep disturbances among women in a Subarctic region: A nationwide study","volume":"45","author":"Aspelund","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2011.10.005","article-title":"Regulation of metabolism: The circadian clock dictates the time","volume":"23","author":"Sahar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.3390\/biology4010104","article-title":"Lipids around the Clock: Focus on Circadian Rhythms and Lipid Metabolism","volume":"4","author":"Gnocchi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biology"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2015.01.024","article-title":"Circadian rhythms in glucose and lipid metabolism in nocturnal and diurnal mammals","volume":"418","author":"Challet","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665116000288","article-title":"Circadian regulation of lipid metabolism","volume":"75","author":"Gooley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00558","article-title":"Circadian and Metabolic Effects of Light: Implications in Weight Homeostasis and Health","volume":"8","author":"Plano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2017.11.017","article-title":"Circadian regulation of glucose, lipid, and energy metabolism in humans","volume":"84","author":"Poggiogalle","year":"2018","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Singh, R., Watanabe, S., and Isaza, A. (2022). Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals in Metabolic and Non-Communicable Diseases, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Okuliarova, M., Rumanova, V.S., Stebelova, K., and Zeman, M. (2020). Dim Light at Night Disturbs Molecular Pathways of Lipid Metabolism. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21186919"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-28308-6","article-title":"Circadian lipid and hepatic protein rhythms shift with a phase response curve different than melatonin","volume":"13","author":"Kent","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ishihara, A., Courville, A.B., and Chen, K.Y. (2023). The Complex Effects of Light on Metabolism in Humans. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15061391"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Danilenko, K.V., Stefani, O., Voronin, K.A., Mezhakova, M.S., Petrov, I.M., Borisenkov, M.F., Markov, A.A., and Gubin, D.G. (2022). Wearable Light-and-Motion Dataloggers for Sleep\/Wake Research: A Review. Appl. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/app122211794"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1177\/14771535221147140","article-title":"The Light-Dosimeter: A new device to help advance research on the non-visual responses to light","volume":"55","author":"Stampfli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Light. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1067262","article-title":"Phototransduction by retinal ganglion cells that set the circadian clock","volume":"295","author":"Berson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636330","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.636330","article-title":"Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells of the Human Retina","volume":"12","author":"Mure","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garfield, V. (2019). The Association Between Body Mass Index (BMI) and Sleep Duration: Where Are We after nearly Two Decades of Epidemiological Research?. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16224327"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reid, K.J., Santostasi, G., Baron, K.G., Wilson, J., Kang, J., and Zee, P.C. (2014). Timing and intensity of light correlate with body weight in adults. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0092251"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773969","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.773969","article-title":"Relationship between Circadian Strain, Light Exposure, and Body Mass Index in Rural and Urban Quilombola Communities","volume":"12","author":"Constantino","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"zsx168","article-title":"Actigraphy-Derived Daily Rest-Activity Patterns and Body Mass Index in Community-Dwelling Adults","volume":"40","author":"Quante","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2019.02.008","article-title":"Association of Daily Rest-Activity Patterns with Adiposity and Cardiometabolic Risk Measures in Teens","volume":"65","author":"Quante","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"zsaa256","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsaa256","article-title":"Blunted rest-activity rhythms link to higher body mass index and inflammatory markers in children","volume":"44","author":"Qian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weinert, D., and Gubin, D. (2022). The Impact of Physical Activity on the Circadian System: Benefits for Health, Performance and Wellbeing. Appl. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/app12189220"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3539","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-4123","article-title":"Ambient Light Exposure and Changes in Obesity Parameters: A Longitudinal Study of the HEIJO-KYO Cohort","volume":"101","author":"Obayashi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2019.07.006","article-title":"Bedroom lighting environment and incident diabetes mellitus: A longitudinal study of the HEIJO-KYO cohort","volume":"65","author":"Obayashi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"zsac130","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsac130","article-title":"Light at night in older age is associated with obesity, diabetes, and hypertension","volume":"46","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2023.2191218","article-title":"The melatonin receptor 1B gene links circadian rhythms and type 2 diabetes mellitus: An evolutionary story","volume":"55","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.2337\/db15-0999","article-title":"Impact of Common Diabetes Risk Variant in MTNR1B on Sleep, Circadian, and Melatonin Physiology","volume":"65","author":"Lane","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12994","article-title":"Associations between chronotype, MTNR1B genotype and risk of type 2 diabetes in UK Biobank","volume":"287","author":"Tan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12730","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12730","article-title":"Melatonin mitigates disrupted circadian rhythms, lowers intraocular pressure, and improves retinal ganglion cells function in glaucoma","volume":"70","author":"Gubin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868364","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.868364","article-title":"The rs10830963 Polymorphism of the MTNR1B Gene: Association with Abnormal Glucose, Insulin and C-peptide Kinetics","volume":"13","author":"Vejrazkova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xia, A.Y., Zhu, H., Zhao, Z.J., Liu, H.Y., Wang, P.H., Ji, L.D., and Xu, J. (2023). Molecular Mechanisms of the Melatonin Receptor Pathway Linking Circadian Rhythm to Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15061406"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-018-1660-y","article-title":"A circadian rhythm-related MTNR1B genetic variant modulates the effect of weight-loss diets on changes in adiposity and body composition: The POUNDS Lost trial","volume":"58","author":"Goni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.07.043497","article-title":"Development of a WHO growth reference for school-aged children and adolescents","volume":"85","author":"Onyango","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0270(00)00364-2","article-title":"Sleep estimation from wrist movement quantified by different actigraphic modalities","volume":"105","author":"Girardin","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/31.2.283","article-title":"Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. Comparison of sleep parameters from actigraphy and polysomnography in older women: The SOF study","volume":"1","author":"Blackwell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.34.000545","article-title":"Optical performance characterization of light-logging actigraphy dosimeters","volume":"34","author":"Price","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am. A"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1177\/1477153517695862","article-title":"Modification of a personal dosimetry device for logging melanopic irradiance","volume":"49","author":"Price","year":"2017","journal-title":"Light. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2205301119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2205301119","article-title":"The spectral sensitivity of human circadian phase resetting and melatonin suppression to light changes dynamically with light duration","volume":"119","author":"Rahman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"(2018). CIE System for Metrology of Optical Radiation for ipRGC-Influenced Responses to Light (Standard No. CIE S 026\/E:2018)."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/15.5.461","article-title":"Automatic sleep\/wake identification from wrist activity","volume":"15","author":"Cole","year":"1992","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cornelissen, G. (2014). Cosinor-based rhythmometry. Theor. Biol. Med. Model., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4682-11-16"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diedenhofen, B., and Much, J. (2015). Cocor: A comprehensive solution for the statistical comparison of correlations. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0121945"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheung, I.N., Zee, P.C., Shalman, D., Malkani, R.G., Kang, J., and Reid, K.J. (2016). Morning and Evening Blue-Enriched Light Exposure Alters Metabolic Function in Normal Weight Adults. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0155601"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-021-05643-9","article-title":"The influence of bright and dim light on substrate metabolism, energy expenditure and thermoregulation in insulin-resistant individuals depends on time of day","volume":"65","author":"Harmsen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S18","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.22807","article-title":"Metabolic Implications of Exposure to Light at Night: Lessons from Animal and Human Studies","volume":"28","author":"Fleury","year":"2020","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benedito-Silva, A.A., Evans, S., Viana Mendes, J., Castro, J., Gon\u00e7alves, B.D.S.B., Ruiz, F.S., Beijamini, F., Evangelista, F.S., Vallada, H., and Krieger, J.E. (2020). Association between light exposure and metabolic syndrome in a rural Brazilian town. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0238772"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114186","article-title":"The role of daylight exposure on body mass in male mice","volume":"266","author":"Walton","year":"2023","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"von Gall, C. (2022). The Effects of Light and the Circadian System on Rhythmic Brain Function. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23052778"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.3109\/07420528.2015.1073158","article-title":"Effects of artificial light at night on human health: A literature review of observational and experimental studies applied to exposure assessment","volume":"32","author":"Cho","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chronobiol. Int."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2017.02.008","article-title":"Association between light at night, melatonin secretion, sleep deprivation, and the internal clock: Health impacts and mechanisms of circadian disruption","volume":"173","author":"Touitou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icab017","article-title":"Light at Night and Disrupted Circadian Rhythms Alter Physiology and Behavior","volume":"61","author":"Bumgarner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Integr. Comp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1177\/0748730413493862","article-title":"Dim light at night disrupts molecular circadian rhythms and increases body weight","volume":"28","author":"Fonken","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biol. Rhythm."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.3109\/07420528.2014.986682","article-title":"Dim light at night increases body mass of female mice","volume":"32","author":"Aubrecht","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chronobiol. Int."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-017-4262-y","article-title":"Light at night acutely impairs glucose tolerance in a time-, intensity- and wavelength-dependent manner in rats","volume":"60","author":"Opperhuizen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwu117","article-title":"The relationship between obesity and exposure to light at night: Cross-sectional analyses of over 100,000 women in the Breakthrough Generations Study","volume":"180","author":"McFadden","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665118000198","article-title":"Dark matters: Effects of light at night on metabolism","volume":"77","author":"Nelson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2019.0571","article-title":"Association of Exposure to Artificial Light at Night While Sleeping with Risk of Obesity in Women","volume":"179","author":"Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119658","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1119658","article-title":"Sex- and age-specific association between outdoor light at night and obesity in Chinese adults: A national cross-sectional study of 98,658 participants from 162 study sites","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/09603123.2023.2165046","article-title":"The association between outdoor light at night exposure and adult obesity in Northeastern China","volume":"10","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Health Res."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1159\/000348549","article-title":"Bright light for weight loss: Results of a controlled crossover trial","volume":"6","author":"Danilenko","year":"2013","journal-title":"Obes. Facts"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pattinson, C.L., Allan, A.C., Staton, S.L., Thorpe, K.J., and Smith, S.S. (2016). Environmental Light Exposure Is Associated with Increased Body Mass in Children. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0143578"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbscr.2017.12.002","article-title":"Daytime bright light exposure, metabolism, and individual differences in wake and sleep energy expenditure during circadian entrainment and misalignment","volume":"4","author":"Melanson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Sleep Circadian Rhythm."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"zsac287","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsac287","article-title":"Genome-wide gene by environment study of time spent in daylight and chronotype identifies emerging genetic architecture underlying light sensitivity","volume":"46","author":"Burns","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14215","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-13973-1","article-title":"Sex differences in light sensitivity impact on brightness perception, vigilant attention and sleep in humans","volume":"7","author":"Chellappa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23806","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1914003116","article-title":"Sex differences in the circadian misalignment effects on energy regulation","volume":"116","author":"Qian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1177\/1477153515584979","article-title":"Self-luminous devices and melatonin suppression in adolescents","volume":"48","author":"Figueiro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Light. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25604","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.203806","article-title":"Aging, light sensitivity and circadian health","volume":"13","author":"Chellappa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12019","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1901824116","article-title":"High sensitivity and interindividual variability in the response of the human circadian system to evening light","volume":"116","author":"Phillips","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1177\/0748730415585413","article-title":"Melatonin Suppression by Light in Humans Is More Sensitive than Previously Reported","volume":"30","author":"Vartanian","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biol. Rhythm."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2003.040477","article-title":"A phase response curve to single bright light pulses in human subjects","volume":"549","author":"Khalsa","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5172","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-40977-5","article-title":"Diurnal rhythms of wrist temperature are associated with future disease risk in the UK Biobank","volume":"14","author":"Brooks","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1080\/23328940.2020.1743605","article-title":"Circadian rhythmicity of body temperature and metabolism","volume":"7","author":"Refinetti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Temperature"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S92","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(01)00315-3","article-title":"Circadian clues to sleep onset mechanisms","volume":"25","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2014.03.002","article-title":"Circadian control of glucose metabolism","volume":"3","author":"Kalsbeek","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.3109\/07420528.2011.574766","article-title":"Differences in daily rhythms of wrist temperature between obese and normal-weight women: Associations with metabolic syndrome features","volume":"28","author":"Madrid","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chronobiol. Int."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.1080\/07420528.2020.1785486","article-title":"Adiposity and body mass index of young women are associated with altered 24-hour profile of wrist temperature and sleep quality","volume":"37","author":"Cambras","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chronobiol. Int."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2011.380","article-title":"24-h core temperature in obese and lean men and women","volume":"20","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1080\/07420528.2017.1347670","article-title":"Disrupted circadian rhythms of body temperature, heart rate and fasting blood glucose in prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"34","author":"Gubin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chronobiol. Int."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.110.006270","article-title":"Core body temperature in obesity","volume":"93","author":"Heikens","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_95","first-page":"955","article-title":"Melatonin exerts an inhibitory effect on insulin gene transcription via MTNR1B and the downstream Raf-1\/ERK signaling pathway","volume":"41","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1490","DOI":"10.2337\/dbi16-0012","article-title":"Linking MTNR1B variants to diabetes: The role of circadian rhythms","volume":"65","author":"Hu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(91)90649-E","article-title":"Effect of a single 3-hour exposure to bright light on core body temperature and sleep in humans","volume":"121","author":"Dijk","year":"1991","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_98","first-page":"337","article-title":"Dynamics of EEG slow-wave activity and core body temperature in human sleep after exposure to bright light","volume":"15","author":"Cajochen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1080\/07420528.2017.1288632","article-title":"Activity, sleep and ambient light have a different impact on circadian blood pressure, heart rate and body temperature rhythms","volume":"34","author":"Gubin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chronobiol. Int."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1080\/09291016.2018.1564586","article-title":"Melatonin attenuates light-at-night effects on systolic blood pressure and body temperature but does not affect diastolic blood pressure and heart rate circadian rhythms","volume":"51","author":"Gubin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol. Rhythm. Res."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1080\/07420528.2021.2014517","article-title":"Effects of nocturnal light exposure on circadian rhythm and energy metabolism in healthy adults: A randomized crossover trial","volume":"39","author":"Choi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chronobiol. Int."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20140020","DOI":"10.1098\/rsfs.2014.0020","article-title":"The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-leptin axis and metabolic health: A systems approach to resilience, robustness and control","volume":"4","author":"Aschbacher","year":"2014","journal-title":"Interface Focus"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6643","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5126-05.2006","article-title":"Opposing crosstalk between leptin and glucocorticoids rapidly modulates synaptic excitation via endocannabinoid release","volume":"26","author":"Di","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4264","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.139.10.6254","article-title":"Leptin inhibits directly glucocorticoid secretion by normal human and rat adrenal gland","volume":"139","author":"Pralong","year":"1998","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_105","first-page":"40","article-title":"Effect of body mass index on serum leptin levels","volume":"23","author":"Paul","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Ayub. Med. Coll. Abbottabad."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/s12986-022-00689-x","article-title":"Sex- and body mass index-specific reference intervals for serum leptin: A population based study in China","volume":"19","author":"Cheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00e4ntele, S., Otway, D.T., Middleton, B., Bretschneider, S., Wright, J., Robertson, M.D., Skene, D.J., and Johnston, J.D. (2012). Daily rhythms of plasma melatonin, but not plasma leptin or leptin mRNA, vary between lean, obese and type 2 diabetic men. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0037123"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530726","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/530726","article-title":"Light modulates leptin and ghrelin in sleep-restricted adults","volume":"2012","author":"Figueiro","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.5935\/1984-0063.20190074","article-title":"Hunger hormone and sleep responses to the built-in blue-light filter on an electronic device: A pilot study","volume":"12","author":"Driller","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sleep Sci."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1177\/0748730410368413","article-title":"Acute effects of bright light exposure on cortisol levels","volume":"25","author":"Jung","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biol. Rhythm."},{"key":"ref_111","first-page":"151","article-title":"Transition from dim to bright light in the morning induces an immediate elevation of cortisol levels","volume":"86","author":"Leproult","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sch\u00f6llhorn, I., Deuring, G., Stefani, O., Strumberger, M.A., Rosburg, T., Lemoine, P., Pross, A., Wingert, B., Mager, R., and Cajochen, C. (2023). Effects of nature-adapted lighting solutions (\u201cVirtual Sky\u201d) on subjective and objective correlates of sleepiness, well-being, visual and cognitive performance at the workplace. PLoS ONE, 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0288690"}],"container-title":["Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-7737\/13\/1\/22\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:44:53Z","timestamp":1760132693000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-7737\/13\/1\/22"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,30]]},"references-count":112,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["biology13010022"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biology13010022","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-7737"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-7737","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,30]]}}}