{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T06:44:18Z","timestamp":1793083458455,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,16]],"date-time":"2024-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705363200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"American Heart Association","award":["#19AIREA34480011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#19AIREA34480011"]}]},{"name":"Arizona State University startup funds","award":["#19AIREA34480011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#19AIREA34480011"]}]},{"name":"NIH NHLBI grants","award":["#19AIREA34480011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#19AIREA34480011"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Nanoparticles (NPs) have been extensively utilized as a drug delivery system to control the release of therapeutic agents to treat cardiac injuries. However, despite the advantages of utilizing NP-based drug delivery for treating heart diseases, the current delivery system lacks specificity in targeting the cardiac tissue, thus limiting its application. Methods: We created three linear peptides, each consisting of 16\u201324 amino acids. These peptides were conjugated on the surface of NPs, resulting in the formation of cardiac targeting peptide (CTP)-NPs (designated as CTP-NP1, CTP-NP2, and CTP-NP3). To assess their effectiveness, we compared the binding efficiency of these three CTP-NPs to human and mouse cardiomyocytes. Additionally, we determined their distribution 24 h after injecting the CTP-NPs intravenously into adult C57BL\/6J mice. Results: When compared to control NPs without CTP (Con-NPs), all three CTP-NPs exhibited significantly increased binding affinity to both human and mouse cardiomyocytes in vitro and enhanced retention in mouse hearts in vivo. A thorough assessment of the heart sections demonstrated that the binding specificity of CTP-NP3 to cardiomyocytes in vivo was significantly greater than that of Con-NPs. None of the three CTP-NPs were proven to cause cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Conclusions: Biocompatible and safe CTP-NP3 can target the heart via binding to cardiomyocytes. This approach of targeting specific molecules-coated NPs may help in delivering therapeutic compounds to cardiomyocytes for the treatment of heart diseases with high efficacy and low toxicity to other tissues.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology13010047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,16]],"date-time":"2024-01-16T08:12:37Z","timestamp":1705392757000},"page":"47","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Peptide-Guided Nanoparticle Drug Delivery for Cardiomyocytes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Dong","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Center for Regenerative Biotherapeutics, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Austin","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haiwang","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Center for Regenerative Biotherapeutics, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1982-2982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fang","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pengsheng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Center for Regenerative Biotherapeutics, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jyotsna","family":"Joshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Center for Regenerative Biotherapeutics, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5217-7789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wuqiang","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Center for Regenerative Biotherapeutics, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8078-9942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)66621-4","article-title":"Heart failure","volume":"365","author":"McMurray","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192703","article-title":"Defining and setting national goals for cardiovascular health promotion and disease reduction: The American Heart Association\u2019s strategic Impact Goal through 2020 and beyond","volume":"121","author":"Hong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e32","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000426","article-title":"Drugs That May Cause or Exacerbate Heart Failure: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association","volume":"134","author":"Page","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5859","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-42225-7","article-title":"Impact of Nanoparticle Uptake on the Biophysical Properties of Cell for Biomedical Engineering Applications","volume":"9","author":"Rasel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. 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