{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T20:28:45Z","timestamp":1790540925093,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,17]],"date-time":"2024-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708128000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR), Mpox Rapid Research Funding","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CIHR MZ1 187236"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIHR MZ1 187236"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR), Mpox Rapid Research Funding","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023-2565"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-2565"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Research Nova Scotia","award":["CIHR MZ1 187236"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIHR MZ1 187236"]}]},{"name":"Research Nova Scotia","award":["2023-2565"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-2565"]}]},{"name":"Dalhousie Medical Research Foundation","award":["CIHR MZ1 187236"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIHR MZ1 187236"]}]},{"name":"Dalhousie Medical Research Foundation","award":["2023-2565"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-2565"]}]},{"name":"Li-Ka Shing Foundation","award":["CIHR MZ1 187236"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIHR MZ1 187236"]}]},{"name":"Li-Ka Shing Foundation","award":["2023-2565"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-2565"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Poxviridae is a family of large, complex, enveloped, and double-stranded DNA viruses. The members of this family are ubiquitous and well known to cause contagious diseases in humans and other types of animals as well. Taxonomically, the poxviridae family is classified into two subfamilies, namely Chordopoxvirinae (affecting vertebrates) and Entomopoxvirinae (affecting insects). The members of the Chordopoxvirinae subfamily are further divided into 18 genera based on the genome architecture and evolutionary relationship. Of these 18 genera, four genera, namely Molluscipoxvirus, Orthopoxvirus, Parapoxvirus, and Yatapoxvirus, are known for infecting humans. Some of the popular members of poxviridae are variola virus, vaccine virus, Mpox (formerly known as monkeypox), cowpox, etc. There is still a pressing demand for the development of effective vaccines against poxviruses. Integrated immunoinformatics and artificial-intelligence (AI)-based methods have emerged as important approaches to design multi-epitope vaccines against contagious emerging infectious diseases. Despite significant progress in immunoinformatics and AI-based techniques, limited methods are available to predict the epitopes. In this study, we have proposed a unique method to predict the potential antigens and T-cell epitopes for multiple poxviruses. With PoxiPred, we developed an AI-based tool that was trained and tested with the antigens and epitopes of poxviruses. Our tool was able to locate 3191 antigen proteins from 25 distinct poxviruses. From these antigenic proteins, PoxiPred redundantly located up to five epitopes per protein, resulting in 16,817 potential T-cell epitopes which were mostly (i.e., 92%) predicted as being reactive to CD8+ T-cells. PoxiPred is able to, on a single run, identify antigens and T-cell epitopes for poxviruses with one single input, i.e., the proteome file of any poxvirus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology13020125","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,19]],"date-time":"2024-02-19T03:18:38Z","timestamp":1708312718000},"page":"125","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["PoxiPred: An Artificial-Intelligence-Based Method for the Prediction of Potential Antigens and Epitopes to Accelerate Vaccine Development Efforts against Poxviruses"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7656-0579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gustavo Sganzerla","family":"Martinez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4H7, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Izaak Walton Killam (IWK) Health Center, Canadian Center for Vaccinology (CCfV), Halifax, NS B3H 4H7, Canada"},{"name":"Laboratory of Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 512025, China"},{"name":"BioForge Canada Limited, Halifax, B3N3B9, NS, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mansi","family":"Dutt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4H7, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Izaak Walton Killam (IWK) Health Center, Canadian Center for Vaccinology (CCfV), Halifax, NS B3H 4H7, Canada"},{"name":"Laboratory of Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 512025, China"},{"name":"BioForge Canada Limited, Halifax, B3N3B9, NS, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7757-9493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David J.","family":"Kelvin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4H7, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Izaak Walton Killam (IWK) Health Center, Canadian Center for Vaccinology (CCfV), Halifax, NS B3H 4H7, Canada"},{"name":"Laboratory of Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 512025, China"},{"name":"BioForge Canada Limited, Halifax, B3N3B9, NS, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5023-7618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anuj","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4H7, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Izaak Walton Killam (IWK) Health Center, Canadian Center for Vaccinology (CCfV), Halifax, NS B3H 4H7, Canada"},{"name":"Laboratory of Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 512025, China"},{"name":"BioForge Canada Limited, Halifax, B3N3B9, NS, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3734","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-03997-y","article-title":"Recovery of the first full-length genome sequence of a parapoxvirus directly from a clinical sample","volume":"7","author":"Haas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. 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