{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:33:27Z","timestamp":1787027607796,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":286,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,26]],"date-time":"2024-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708905600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","award":["HBF-123682"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HBF-123682"]}]},{"name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","award":["HBF-126786"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HBF-126786"]}]},{"name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","award":["MOP-133476"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOP-133476"]}]},{"name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","award":["HIG-133050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HIG-133050"]}]},{"name":"Canadian HIV Cure Enterprise","award":["HBF-123682"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HBF-123682"]}]},{"name":"Canadian HIV Cure Enterprise","award":["HBF-126786"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HBF-126786"]}]},{"name":"Canadian HIV Cure Enterprise","award":["MOP-133476"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOP-133476"]}]},{"name":"Canadian HIV Cure Enterprise","award":["HIG-133050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HIG-133050"]}]},{"name":"ANRS-MIE","award":["HBF-123682"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HBF-123682"]}]},{"name":"ANRS-MIE","award":["HBF-126786"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HBF-126786"]}]},{"name":"ANRS-MIE","award":["MOP-133476"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOP-133476"]}]},{"name":"ANRS-MIE","award":["HIG-133050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HIG-133050"]}]},{"name":"Canada Research Chair program","award":["HBF-123682"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HBF-123682"]}]},{"name":"Canada Research Chair program","award":["HBF-126786"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HBF-126786"]}]},{"name":"Canada Research Chair program","award":["MOP-133476"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOP-133476"]}]},{"name":"Canada Research Chair program","award":["HIG-133050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HIG-133050"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cellular integrated stress response (ISR), the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt), and IFN signaling are associated with viral infections. Activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) plays a pivotal role in these pathways and controls the expression of many genes involved in redox processes, amino acid metabolism, protein misfolding, autophagy, and apoptosis. The precise role of ATF4 during viral infection is unclear and depends on cell hosts, viral agents, and models. Furthermore, ATF4 signaling can be hijacked by pathogens to favor viral infection and replication. In this review, we summarize the ATF4-mediated signaling pathways in response to viral infections, focusing on human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1). We examine the consequences of ATF4 activation for HIV-1 replication and reactivation. The role of ATF4 in autophagy and apoptosis is explored as in the context of HIV-1 infection programmed cell deaths contribute to the depletion of CD4 T cells. Furthermore, ATF4 can also participate in the establishment of innate and adaptive immunity that is essential for the host to control viral infections. We finally discuss the putative role of the ATF4 paralogue, named ATF5, in HIV-1 infection. This review underlines the role of ATF4 at the crossroads of multiple processes reflecting host\u2013pathogen interactions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology13030146","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,26]],"date-time":"2024-02-26T11:31:21Z","timestamp":1708947081000},"page":"146","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["ATF4 Signaling in HIV-1 Infection: Viral Subversion of a Stress Response Transcription Factor"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Adrien","family":"Corne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de G\u00e9n\u00e9tique et Biologie Cellulaire, Universit\u00e9 Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France"},{"name":"CHU de Qu\u00e9bec Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2115-6832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florine","family":"Adolphe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de G\u00e9n\u00e9tique et Biologie Cellulaire, Universit\u00e9 Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9432-8044","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00e9r\u00f4me","family":"Estaquier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CHU de Qu\u00e9bec Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada"},{"name":"INSERM U1124, Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, 75006 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2720-771X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00e9bastien","family":"Gaumer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de G\u00e9n\u00e9tique et Biologie Cellulaire, Universit\u00e9 Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Marc","family":"Corsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de G\u00e9n\u00e9tique et Biologie Cellulaire, Universit\u00e9 Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2007.01.020","article-title":"Activating Transcription Factor 4","volume":"40","author":"Ameri","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3164\/jcbn.18-37","article-title":"Role of the ISR-ATF4 Pathway and Its Cross Talk with Nrf2 in Mitochondrial Quality Control","volume":"64","author":"Kasai","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Biochem. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.201642195","article-title":"The Integrated Stress Response","volume":"17","author":"Koryga","year":"2016","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2017.05.004","article-title":"Targeting ATF5 in Cancer","volume":"3","author":"Angelastro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Cancer"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2008.05749.x","article-title":"The Transcription Factor ATF5: Role in Neurodevelopment and Neural Tumors","volume":"108","author":"Greene","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2011.0252","article-title":"Short Communication: Activating Transcription Factor 4 (ATF4) Promotes HIV Type 1 Activation","volume":"28","author":"Caselli","year":"2012","journal-title":"AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.5483\/BMBRep.2018.51.8.054","article-title":"Understanding of the Functional Role(s) of the Activating Transcription Factor 4(ATF4) in HIV Regulation and Production","volume":"51","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMB Rep."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01518-16","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01518-16","article-title":"HIV Exploits Antiviral Host Innate GCN2-ATF4 Signaling for Establishing Viral Replication Early in Infection","volume":"8","author":"Jiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-020-0742-9","article-title":"FOXO1 Promotes HIV Latency by Suppressing ER Stress in T Cells","volume":"5","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.105743","article-title":"Depletion of HIV Reservoir by Activation of ISR Signaling in Resting CD4+T Cells","volume":"26","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1002\/cbf.3357","article-title":"HIV-1 Tat-Induced Bystander Apoptosis in Jurkat Cells Involves Unfolded Protein Responses","volume":"36","author":"Campestrini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Biochem. Funct."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2006.06.019","article-title":"Adenovirus-Induced Alterations in Host Cell Gene Expression Prior to the Onset of Viral Gene Expression","volume":"353","author":"Granberg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, P., Chai, Y., Song, J., Liu, T., Chen, P., Zhou, L., Ge, X., Guo, X., Han, J., and Yang, H. (2019). Reprogramming the Unfolded Protein Response for Replication by Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus. PLoS Pathog., 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008169"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10681","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01027-10","article-title":"The African Swine Fever Virus DP71L Protein Recruits the Protein Phosphatase 1 Catalytic Subunit to Dephosphorylate eIF2alpha and Inhibits CHOP Induction but Is Dispensable for These Activities during Virus Infection","volume":"84","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8613","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00836-06","article-title":"Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Neurodegeneration in Rats Neonatally Infected with Borna Disease Virus","volume":"80","author":"Williams","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12063","article-title":"Melatonin Treatment Reduces Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Modulates the Unfolded Protein Response in Rabbits with Lethal Fulminant Hepatitis of Viral Origin","volume":"55","author":"Crespo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, Y., Qi, B., Gu, Y., Xu, F., Du, H., Li, X., and Fang, W. (2016). Porcine Circovirus 2 Deploys PERK Pathway and GRP78 for Its Enhanced Replication in PK-15 Cells. Viruses, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/v8020056"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.B1600208","article-title":"Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Capsid Protein Induces Unfolded Protein Response with Subsequent Activation of Apoptosis","volume":"18","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. B"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lv, J., Jiang, Y., Feng, Q., Fan, Z., Sun, Y., Xu, P., Hou, Y., Zhang, X., Fan, Y., and Xu, X. (2020). Porcine Circovirus Type 2 ORF5 Protein Induces Autophagy to Promote Viral Replication via the PERK-eIF2\u03b1-ATF4 and mTOR-ERK1\/2-AMPK Signaling Pathways in PK-15 Cells. Front. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.00320"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8124","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00626-13","article-title":"Upregulation of CHOP\/GADD153 during Coronavirus Infectious Bronchitis Virus Infection Modulates Apoptosis by Restricting Activation of the Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase Pathway","volume":"87","author":"Liao","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0142921","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01429-21","article-title":"Investigation of the Crosstalk between GRP78\/PERK\/ATF-4 Signaling Pathway and Renal Apoptosis Induced by Nephropathogenic Infectious Bronchitis Virus Infection","volume":"96","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fang, P., Tian, L., Zhang, H., Xia, S., Ding, T., Zhu, X., Zhang, J., Ren, J., Fang, L., and Xiao, S. (2022). Induction and Modulation of the Unfolded Protein Response during Porcine Deltacoronavirus Infection. Vet. Microbiol., 271.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2022.109494"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1177\/03009858211048622","article-title":"Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Infection Induces Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Unfolded Protein Response in Jejunal Epithelial Cells of Weaned Pigs","volume":"59","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199271","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Variant-Specific Differences in Inhibiting the Effects of the PKR-Activated Integrated Stress Response","volume":"339","author":"Christ","year":"2024","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, J., Chen, K.-Y., Wang, S.-H., Liu, Y., Zhao, Y.-Q., Yang, L., Yang, G.-H., Wang, X.-J., Zhu, Y.-H., and Yin, J.-H. (2023). Effects of Spatial Expression of Activating Transcription Factor 4 on the Pathogenicity of Two Phenotypes of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus by Regulating the Endoplasmic Reticulum-Mediated Autophagy Process. Microbiol. Spectr., 11.","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.04225-22"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2016.03.006","article-title":"Novel Dengue Virus Inhibitor 4-HPR Activates ATF4 Independent of Protein Kinase R-like Endoplasmic Reticulum Kinase and Elevates Levels of eIF2\u03b1 Phosphorylation in Virus Infected Cells","volume":"130","author":"Fraser","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2018.11.011","article-title":"Tomatidine, a Novel Antiviral Compound towards Dengue Virus","volume":"161","author":"Troost","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2007.02.006","article-title":"Activation of the ER Stress Gene Gadd153 by Hepatitis C Virus Sensitizes Cells to Oxidant Injury","volume":"126","author":"Ciccaglione","year":"2007","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Merquiol, E., Uzi, D., Mueller, T., Goldenberg, D., Nahmias, Y., Xavier, R.J., Tirosh, B., and Shibolet, O. (2011). HCV Causes Chronic Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Leading to Adaptation and Interference with the Unfolded Protein Response. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0024660"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.4161\/auto.27954","article-title":"Hepatitis C Virus Core Protein Activates Autophagy through EIF2AK3 and ATF6 UPR Pathway-Mediated MAP1LC3B and ATG12 Expression","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y.-C., Zhang, M.-Q., and Zhang, J.-P. (2018). Opposite Effects of Two Human ATG10 Isoforms on Replication of a HCV Sub-Genomic Replicon Are Mediated via Regulating Autophagy Flux in Zebrafish. Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00109"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R\u00edos-Ocampo, W.A., Navas, M.-C., Buist-Homan, M., Faber, K.N., Daemen, T., and Moshage, H. (2020). Hepatitis C Virus Proteins Core and NS5A Are Highly Sensitive to Oxidative Stress-Induced Degradation after eIF2\u03b1\/ATF4 Pathway Activation. Viruses, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/v12040425"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-015-2715-5","article-title":"Japanese Encephalitis Virus Induces Apoptosis by the IRE1\/JNK Pathway of ER Stress Response in BHK-21 Cells","volume":"161","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1007\/s11262-019-01683-x","article-title":"Upregulated Expression of the Antioxidant Sestrin 2 Identified by Transcriptomic Analysis of Japanese Encephalitis Virus-Infected SH-SY5Y Neuroblastoma Cells","volume":"55","author":"Carr","year":"2019","journal-title":"Virus Genes"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00887-19","article-title":"Japanese Encephalitis Virus Induces Apoptosis and Encephalitis by Activating the PERK Pathway","volume":"93","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, D., Yang, J., Han, K., Liu, Q., Wang, H., Liu, Y., Huang, X., Zhang, L., and Li, Y. (2019). The Unfolded Protein Response Induced by Tembusu Virus Infection. BMC Vet. Res., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-019-1781-4"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Basu, M., Courtney, S.C., and Brinton, M.A. (2017). Arsenite-Induced Stress Granule Formation Is Inhibited by Elevated Levels of Reduced Glutathione in West Nile Virus-Infected Cells. PLoS Pathog., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006240"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-018-1311-5","article-title":"ZIKV Infection Activates the IRE1-XBP1 and ATF6 Pathways of Unfolded Protein Response in Neural Cells","volume":"15","author":"Tan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0036121","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00361-21","article-title":"Zika Virus Induces an Atypical Tripartite Unfolded Protein Response with Sustained Sensor and Transient Effector Activation and a Blunted BiP Response","volume":"6","author":"Mufrrih","year":"2021","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20102071","article-title":"Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Induced by Hepatitis B Virus X Protein Enhances Cyclo-Oxygenase 2 Expression via Activating Transcription Factor 4","volume":"435","author":"Cho","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96027","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.21630","article-title":"Hepatitis B Virus X Protein Inhibits Apoptosis by Modulating Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Response","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi, Y.-M., Kim, D.H., Jang, J., Choe, W.H., and Kim, B.-J. (2023). rt269L-Type Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) in Genotype C Infection Leads to Improved Mitochondrial Dynamics via the PERK-eIF2\u03b1-ATF4 Axis in an HBx Protein-Dependent Manner. Cell Mol. Biol. Lett., 28.","DOI":"10.1186\/s11658-023-00440-1"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2280","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2007-07-100032","article-title":"The LMP1 Oncogene of EBV Activates PERK and the Unfolded Protein Response to Drive Its Own Synthesis","volume":"111","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6890","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.11.6890-6899.2005","article-title":"Human Cytomegalovirus Infection Activates and Regulates the Unfolded Protein Response","volume":"79","author":"Isler","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3463","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02307-08","article-title":"Human Cytomegalovirus Protein pUL38 Induces ATF4 Expression, Inhibits Persistent JNK Phosphorylation, and Suppresses Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Induced Cell Death","volume":"83","author":"Xuan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00896-18","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00896-18","article-title":"The Human Cytomegalovirus Endoplasmic Reticulum-Resident Glycoprotein UL148 Activates the Unfolded Protein Response","volume":"92","author":"Siddiquey","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02120-16","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02120-16","article-title":"Human Herpesvirus 6A Exhibits Restrictive Propagation with Limited Activation of the Protein Kinase R-eIF2\u03b1 Stress Pathway","volume":"91","author":"Sharon","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-011-1144-3","article-title":"Activating Transcription Factor 4 (ATF4) Is Upregulated by Human Herpesvirus 8 Infection, Increases Virus Replication and Promotes Proangiogenic Properties","volume":"157","author":"Caselli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0145622","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01456-22","article-title":"Upregulation of ATF4-LAMP3 Axis by ORF45 Facilitates Lytic Replication of Kaposi\u2019s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus","volume":"96","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1007\/s12192-012-0324-8","article-title":"Herpes Simplex Virus-1 Disarms the Unfolded Protein Response in the Early Stages of Infection","volume":"17","author":"Burnett","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Stress. Chaperones"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6712","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00200-12","article-title":"Murine Cytomegalovirus Targets Transcription Factor ATF4 to Exploit the Unfolded-Protein Response","volume":"86","author":"Qian","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2801","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M117.813675","article-title":"Regulation of Gammaherpesvirus Lytic Replication by Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Induced Transcription Factors ATF4 and CHOP","volume":"293","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, S., Zhu, J., Zhou, X., Wang, H., Li, X., and Zhao, A. (2019). Induction of the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) during Pseudorabies Virus Infection. Vet. Microbiol., 239.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2019.108485"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"001818","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001818","article-title":"Pseudorabies Virus Infection Induces Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Unfolded Protein Response in Suspension-Cultured BHK-21 Cells","volume":"103","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.000426","article-title":"Regulation of de Novo Translation of Host Cells by Manipulation of PERK\/PKR and GADD34-PP1 Activity during Newcastle Disease Virus Infection","volume":"97","author":"Liao","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2018.05.005","article-title":"Newcastle Disease Virus Induces G0\/G1 Cell Cycle Arrest in Asynchronously Growing Cells","volume":"520","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1002240","article-title":"Negative Regulation of IRF7 Activation by Activating Transcription Factor 4 Suggests a Cross-Regulation between the IFN Responses and the Cellular Integrated Stress Responses","volume":"186","author":"Liang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2019.09.012","article-title":"Porcine Parvovirus Replication Is Suppressed by Activation of the PERK Signaling Pathway and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Apoptosis","volume":"539","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2017.1405187","article-title":"Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Capsid Protein VP2 Activates the Cellular EIF2S1-ATF4 Pathway and Induces Autophagy via HSPB1","volume":"14","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1159\/000496034","article-title":"Coxsackievirus B Tailors the Unfolded Protein Response to Favour Viral Amplification in Pancreatic \u03b2 Cells","volume":"11","author":"Colli","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Innate Immun."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"1","article-title":"Myxoma Virus Attenuates Expression of Activating Transcription Factor 4 (ATF4) Which Has Implications for the Treatment of Proteasome Inhibitor-Resistant Multiple Myeloma","volume":"4","author":"Dunlap","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncolytic Virother."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2019","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.80.4.2019-2033.2006","article-title":"Reovirus Induces and Benefits from an Integrated Cellular Stress Response","volume":"80","author":"Smith","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.071845-0","article-title":"Chikungunya Virus Non-Structural Protein 2-Mediated Host Shut-off Disables the Unfolded Protein Response","volume":"96","author":"Fros","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3558","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02827-15","article-title":"Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus Induces Apoptosis through the Unfolded Protein Response Activation of EGR1","volume":"90","author":"Baer","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9431","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.20.9431","article-title":"Programmed Cell Death and AIDS: Significance of T-Cell Apoptosis in Pathogenic and Nonpathogenic Primate Lentiviral Infections","volume":"91","author":"Estaquier","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI95127","article-title":"The Anti-Caspase Inhibitor Q-VD-OPH Prevents AIDS Disease Progression in SIV-Infected Rhesus Macaques","volume":"128","author":"Laforge","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200307250-00002","article-title":"Extensive Apoptosis in Lymphoid Organs during Primary SIV Infection Predicts Rapid Progression towards AIDS","volume":"17","author":"Monceaux","year":"2003","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00450-07","article-title":"Early Divergence in Lymphoid Tissue Apoptosis between Pathogenic and Nonpathogenic Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infections of Nonhuman Primates","volume":"82","author":"Cumont","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6685","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.177.10.6685","article-title":"Death of CD4+ T Cells from Lymph Nodes during Primary SIVmac251 Infection Predicts the Rate of AIDS Progression","volume":"177","author":"Viollet","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, Y.-N., Kavianpour, S., Zhang, T., Zhang, X., Nguyen, D., Thombre, R., He, L., and Wang, J. (2021). MARK2 Phosphorylates eIF2\u03b1 in Response to Proteotoxic Stress. PLoS Biol., 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3001096"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e55641","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.202255641","article-title":"FAM69C Functions as a Kinase for eIF2\u03b1 and Promotes Stress Granule Assembly","volume":"24","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-020-01362-6","article-title":"The Role of Host eIF2\u03b1 in Viral Infection","volume":"17","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15538","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)47759-9","article-title":"Autophosphorylation of the Protein Kinase Dependent on Double-Stranded RNA","volume":"262","author":"Galabru","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2007.03.001","article-title":"The dsRNA Protein Kinase PKR: Virus and Cell Control","volume":"89","author":"Meurs","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9510","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.272.14.9510","article-title":"Characterization of the Solution Complex between the Interferon-Induced, Double-Stranded RNA-Activated Protein Kinase and HIV-I Trans-Activating Region RNA","volume":"272","author":"Carpick","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2006.01.099","article-title":"Specific Recognition of HIV TAR RNA by the dsRNA Binding Domains (dsRBD1-dsRBD2) of PKR","volume":"358","author":"Kim","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1994.1601","article-title":"HIV-1 TAR RNA Has an Intrinsic Ability to Activate Interferon-Inducible Enzymes","volume":"204","author":"Maitra","year":"1994","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4511","DOI":"10.1021\/bi0120594","article-title":"Identification of Binding Sites for Both dsRBMs of PKR on Kinase-Activating and Kinase-Inhibiting RNA Ligands","volume":"41","author":"Spanggord","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.674","article-title":"Multiple Levels of PKR Inhibition during HIV-1 Replication","volume":"21","author":"Clerzius","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2007.08.001","article-title":"The Double-Strand RNA-Dependent Protein Kinase PKR Plays a Significant Role in a Sustained ER Stress-Induced Apoptosis","volume":"581","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/16.3.611","article-title":"Oncogenic Potential of TAR RNA Binding Protein TRBP and Its Regulatory Interaction with RNA-Dependent Protein Kinase PKR","volume":"16","author":"Benkirane","year":"1997","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02255219","article-title":"Expression of TAR RNA-Binding Protein in Baculovirus and Co-Immunoprecipitation with Insect Cell Protein Kinase","volume":"2","author":"Blair","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10119","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02457-08","article-title":"ADAR1 Interacts with PKR during Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection of Lymphocytes and Contributes to Viral Replication","volume":"83","author":"Clerzius","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibs.2006.12.003","article-title":"Activation of PKR: An Open and Shut Case?","volume":"32","author":"Cole","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends Biochem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33899","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M103584200","article-title":"Two Dimerization Domains in the Trans-Activation Response RNA-Binding Protein (TRBP) Individually Reverse the Protein Kinase R Inhibition of HIV-1 Long Terminal Repeat Expression","volume":"276","author":"Daher","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02253365","article-title":"Characterization of TRBP1 and TRBP2. Stable Stem-Loop Structure at the 5\u2032 End of TRBP2 mRNA Resembles HIV-1 TAR and Is Not Found in Its Processed Pseudogene","volume":"7","author":"Duarte","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2008.05.056","article-title":"Mechanism of PKR Activation by dsRNA","volume":"381","author":"Lemaire","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8388","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.272.13.8388","article-title":"The Tat Protein of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Is a Substrate and Inhibitor of the Interferon-Induced, Virally Activated Protein Kinase, PKR","volume":"272","author":"Brand","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1006\/abbi.1999.1583","article-title":"HIV-I TAT Inhibits PKR Activity by Both RNA-Dependent and RNA-Independent Mechanisms","volume":"373","author":"Cai","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1995.0014","article-title":"HIV-1 Tat Directly Interacts with the Interferon-Induced, Double-Stranded RNA-Dependent Kinase, PKR","volume":"213","author":"McMillan","year":"1995","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2019.1605803","article-title":"The Roles of Apoptosis, Autophagy and Unfolded Protein Response in Arbovirus, Influenza Virus, and HIV Infections","volume":"10","author":"Mehrbod","year":"2019","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-014-8991-3","article-title":"HIV Tat-Mediated Induction of Human Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cell Apoptosis Involves Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Mitochondrial Dysfunction","volume":"53","author":"Ma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2908","DOI":"10.1002\/1873-3468.14772","article-title":"HIV-1 Replication Requires Optimal Activation of the Unfolded Protein Response","volume":"597","author":"Tripathi","year":"2023","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/40.5.785","article-title":"Changes in Plasma Amino Acid Concentrations in Response to HIV-1 Infection","volume":"40","author":"Hortin","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.1993.9.807","article-title":"Plasma Amino Acid Dysregulation after Lentiviral Infection","volume":"9","author":"Murthy","year":"1993","journal-title":"AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mody, A., Bartz, S., Hornik, C.P., Kiyimba, T., Bain, J., Muehlbauer, M., Kiboneka, E., Stevens, R., St Peter, J.V., and Newgard, C.B. (2014). Effects of HIV Infection on the Metabolic and Hormonal Status of Children with Severe Acute Malnutrition. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0102233"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199409000-00005","article-title":"Development of Malabsorption and Nutritional Complications in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Rhesus Macaques","volume":"8","author":"Stone","year":"1994","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2411","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-013-1272-x","article-title":"Activation of GCN2 upon HIV-1 Infection and Inhibition of Translation","volume":"70","author":"Cosnefroy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2283","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-02276-0","article-title":"GCN2 Phosphorylates HIV-1 Integrase and Decreases HIV-1 Replication by Limiting Viral Integration","volume":"7","author":"Jaspart","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"del Pino, J., Jim\u00e9nez, J.L., Ventoso, I., Castell\u00f3, A., Mu\u00f1oz-Fern\u00e1ndez, M.\u00c1., de Haro, C., and Berlanga, J.J. (2012). GCN2 Has Inhibitory Effect on Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Protein Synthesis and Is Cleaved upon Viral Infection. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0047272"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lutz, M.M., Worth, M.P., Hinchman, M.M., Parker, J.S.L., and Ledgerwood, E.D. (2019). Mammalian Orthoreovirus Infection Is Enhanced in Cells Pre-Treated with Sodium Arsenite. Viruses, 11.","DOI":"10.1101\/555367"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, J., Stone, J., Desai, P., Kosowicz, J.G., Liu, J.O., and Ambinder, R.F. (2021). Arsenicals, the Integrated Stress Response, and Epstein-Barr Virus Lytic Gene Expression. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13050812"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16925","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M412882200","article-title":"Heme-Regulated Inhibitor Kinase-Mediated Phosphorylation of Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 2 Inhibits Translation, Induces Stress Granule Formation, and Mediates Survival upon Arsenite Exposure","volume":"280","author":"McEwen","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mukherjee, T., Ramaglia, V., Abdel-Nour, M., Bianchi, A.A., Tsalikis, J., Chau, H.N., Kalia, S.K., Kalia, L.V., Chen, J.-J., and Arnoult, D. (2021). The eIF2\u03b1 Kinase HRI Triggers the Autophagic Clearance of Cytosolic Protein Aggregates. J. Biol. Chem., 296.","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA120.014415"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2121","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2020005301","article-title":"The HRI-Regulated Transcription Factor ATF4 Activates BCL11A Transcription to Silence Fetal Hemoglobin Expression","volume":"135","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5276","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-10-388132","article-title":"Heme-Regulated eIF2\u03b1 Kinase Activated Atf4 Signaling Pathway in Oxidative Stress and Erythropoiesis","volume":"119","author":"Suragani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2007.07.021","article-title":"Antiviral Activity and Hepatoprotection by Heme Oxygenase-1 in Hepatitis B Virus Infection","volume":"133","author":"Protzer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1430","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22491","article-title":"Heme Oxygenase-1 Suppresses Hepatitis C Virus Replication and Increases Resistance of Hepatocytes to Oxidant Injury","volume":"48","author":"Zhu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4252","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.176.7.4252","article-title":"Hemin Activation Ameliorates HIV-1 Infection via Heme Oxygenase-1 Induction","volume":"176","author":"Devadas","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.2174\/1570162X12666140526122709","article-title":"Heme Oxygenase-1 Dysregulation in the Brain: Implications for HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders","volume":"12","author":"Ambegaokar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. HIV Res."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.08.076","article-title":"Localized Phosphorylation of a Kinesin-1 Adaptor by a Capsid-Associated Kinase Regulates HIV-1 Motility and Uncoating","volume":"20","author":"Malikov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199701000-00004","article-title":"Mitochondria Alterations and Dramatic Tendency to Undergo Apoptosis in Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes during Acute HIV Syndrome","volume":"11","author":"Cossarizza","year":"1997","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2481","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V86.7.2481.2481","article-title":"Mitochondrial Dysfunctions in Circulating T Lymphocytes from Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Carriers","volume":"86","author":"Macho","year":"1995","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M102671200","article-title":"Productive HIV-1 Infection of Primary CD4+ T Cells Induces Mitochondrial Membrane Permeabilization Leading to a Caspase-Independent Cell Death","volume":"277","author":"Petit","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-291X(03)00629-6","article-title":"Mitochondria in HIV-1-Induced Apoptosis","volume":"304","author":"Arnoult","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cdd.4401289","article-title":"Caspase-Dependent and-Independent T-Cell Death Pathways in Pathogenic Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection: Relationship to Disease Progression","volume":"10","author":"Arnoult","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-2869-1_7","article-title":"The Mitochondrial Pathways of Apoptosis","volume":"942","author":"Estaquier","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_118","first-page":"377","article-title":"Viral Manipulation of the Host Metabolic Network","volume":"109","author":"Mesquita","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-6-29","article-title":"Increased Neutrophil Apoptosis in Chronically SIV-Infected Macaques","volume":"6","author":"Elbim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8613","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.12.8613","article-title":"Early Divergence in Neutrophil Apoptosis between Pathogenic and Nonpathogenic Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infections of Nonhuman Primates","volume":"181","author":"Elbim","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4561","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.6.4561-4566.1999","article-title":"Redox and Activation Status of Monocytes from Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Patients: Relationship with Viral Load","volume":"73","author":"Elbim","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cdd.4402192","article-title":"TGF-Beta in Intestinal Lymphoid Organs Contributes to the Death of Armed Effector CD8 T Cells and Is Associated with the Absence of Virus Containment in Rhesus Macaques Infected with the Simian Immunodeficiency Virus","volume":"14","author":"Cumont","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-021-00475-3","article-title":"Attenuation of Inhibitory PAS Domain Protein-Induced Cell Death by Synthetic Peptides Derived from Mcl-1 Transmenbrane Domain","volume":"7","author":"Kasai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00fcnch, C. (2018). The Different Axes of the Mammalian Mitochondrial Unfolded Protein Response. BMC Biol., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915-018-0548-x"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2027","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201702058","article-title":"Multi-Omics Analysis Identifies ATF4 as a Key Regulator of the Mitochondrial Stress Response in Mammals","volume":"216","author":"Prado","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2076-4","article-title":"A Pathway Coordinated by DELE1 Relays Mitochondrial Stress to the Cytosol","volume":"579","author":"Fessler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2078-2","article-title":"Mitochondrial Stress Is Relayed to the Cytosol by an OMA1-DELE1-HRI Pathway","volume":"579","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1038\/s41556-018-0244-7","article-title":"The Lysosome as a Cellular Centre for Signalling, Metabolism and Quality Control","volume":"21","author":"Lawrence","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1038\/s41421-023-00589-1","article-title":"Lysosomes Mediate the Mitochondrial UPR via mTORC1-Dependent ATF4 Phosphorylation","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Discov."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2017.07.001","article-title":"The Dawn of the Age of Amino Acid Sensors for the mTORC1 Pathway","volume":"26","author":"Wolfson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1207056","article-title":"mTORC1 Senses Lysosomal Amino Acids through an Inside-out Mechanism That Requires the Vacuolar H(+)-ATPase","volume":"334","author":"Zoncu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35742","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M505970200","article-title":"Release of OPA1 during Apoptosis Participates in the Rapid and Complete Release of Cytochrome c and Subsequent Mitochondrial Fragmentation","volume":"280","author":"Arnoult","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2005.10.041","article-title":"Bax\/Bak-Dependent Release of DDP\/TIMM8a Promotes Drp1-Mediated Mitochondrial Fission and Mitoptosis during Programmed Cell Death","volume":"15","author":"Arnoult","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2017.04.021","article-title":"Age-Associated Loss of OPA1 in Muscle Impacts Muscle Mass, Metabolic Homeostasis, Systemic Inflammation, and Epithelial Senescence","volume":"25","author":"Tezze","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cdd.4402107","article-title":"Inhibiting Drp1-Mediated Mitochondrial Fission Selectively Prevents the Release of Cytochrome c during Apoptosis","volume":"14","author":"Estaquier","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2022.101566","article-title":"The Mitochondrial Fission Protein Drp1 in Liver Is Required to Mitigate NASH and Prevents the Activation of the Mitochondrial ISR","volume":"64","author":"Steffen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200906084","article-title":"Regulation of OPA1 Processing and Mitochondrial Fusion by M-AAA Protease Isoenzymes and OMA1","volume":"187","author":"Ehses","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200906083","article-title":"Inducible Proteolytic Inactivation of OPA1 Mediated by the OMA1 Protease in Mammalian Cells","volume":"187","author":"Head","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1038\/s41594-023-01061-0","article-title":"DELE1 Oligomerization Promotes Integrated Stress Response Activation","volume":"30","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2280","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.3.2280-2288.1998","article-title":"CD4 Glycoprotein Degradation Induced by Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Vpu Protein Requires the Function of Proteasomes and the Ubiquitin-Conjugating Pathway","volume":"72","author":"Schubert","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01711-06","article-title":"Silencing of Both Beta-TrCP1 and HOS (Beta-TrCP2) Is Required to Suppress Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Vpu-Mediated CD4 down-Modulation","volume":"81","author":"Butticaz","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7931","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00242-09","article-title":"Vpu Directs the Degradation of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Restriction Factor BST-2\/Tetherin via a {beta}TrCP-Dependent Mechanism","volume":"83","author":"Douglas","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mangeat, B., Gers-Huber, G., Lehmann, M., Zufferey, M., Luban, J., and Piguet, V. (2009). HIV-1 Vpu Neutralizes the Antiviral Factor Tetherin\/BST-2 by Binding It and Directing Its Beta-TrCP2-Dependent Degradation. PLoS Pathog., 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000574"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/S1097-2765(00)80056-8","article-title":"A Novel Human WD Protein, h-Beta TrCp, That Interacts with HIV-1 Vpu Connects CD4 to the ER Degradation Pathway through an F-Box Motif","volume":"1","author":"Margottin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35060","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.058305","article-title":"HIV-1 Accessory Protein Vpu Internalizes Cell-Surface BST-2\/Tetherin through Transmembrane Interactions Leading to Lysosomes","volume":"284","author":"Iwabu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mitchell, R.S., Katsura, C., Skasko, M.A., Fitzpatrick, K., Lau, D., Ruiz, A., Stephens, E.B., Margottin-Goguet, F., Benarous, R., and Guatelli, J.C. (2009). Vpu Antagonizes BST-2-Mediated Restriction of HIV-1 Release via Beta-TrCP and Endo-Lysosomal Trafficking. PLoS Pathog., 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000450"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1111\/tra.12495","article-title":"Endocytic Activity of HIV-1 Vpu: Phosphoserine-Dependent Interactions with Clathrin Adaptors","volume":"18","author":"Stoneham","year":"2017","journal-title":"Traffic"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2009.01.009","article-title":"HIV-1 Antagonism of CD317 Is Species Specific and Involves Vpu-Mediated Proteasomal Degradation of the Restriction Factor","volume":"5","author":"Goffinet","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2192","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.21.6.2192-2202.2001","article-title":"ATF4 Degradation Relies on a Phosphorylation-Dependent Interaction with the SCF(betaTrCP) Ubiquitin Ligase","volume":"21","author":"Lassot","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M308068200","article-title":"HIV-1 Vpu Sequesters Beta-Transducin Repeat-Containing Protein (betaTrCP) in the Cytoplasm and Provokes the Accumulation of Beta-Catenin and Other SCFbetaTrCP Substrates","volume":"279","author":"Lassot","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2010.11.015","article-title":"Specificity, Location and Function of \u03b2TrCP Isoforms and Their Splice Variants","volume":"23","author":"Putters","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Signal"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pickering, S., Sumner, J., Kerridge, C., Perera, M., and Neil, S. (2023). Differential Dysregulation of \u03b2-TrCP1 and -2 by HIV-1 Vpu Leads to Inhibition of Canonical and Non-Canonical NF-\u03baB Pathways in Infected Cells. mBio, 14.","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.03293-22"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199004193221602","article-title":"Mitochondrial Myopathy Caused by Long-Term Zidovudine Therapy","volume":"322","author":"Dalakas","year":"1990","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0595-417","article-title":"Mitochondrial Toxicity of Antiviral Drugs","volume":"1","author":"Lewis","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2000.tb05496.x","article-title":"Fetal Patas Monkeys Sustain Mitochondrial Toxicity as a Result of in Utero Zidovudine Exposure","volume":"918","author":"Gerschenson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2005.03.006","article-title":"Mitochondria Are Sensors for HIV Drugs","volume":"26","author":"Petit","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5966","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.12.5966-5973.2002","article-title":"Effects of Antiretroviral Drugs on Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Induced CD4(+) T-Cell Death","volume":"76","author":"Estaquier","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_158","first-page":"E117","article-title":"An Inhibitor of HIV-1 Protease Modulates Constitutive eIF2\u03b1 Dephosphorylation to Trigger a Specific Integrated Stress Response","volume":"113","author":"Bujisic","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Subeha, M.R., Goyeneche, A.A., Bustamante, P., Lisio, M.A., Burnier, J.V., and Telleria, C.M. (2021). Nelfinavir Induces Cytotoxicity towards High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer Cells, Involving Induction of the Unfolded Protein Response, Modulation of Protein Synthesis, DNA Damage, Lysosomal Impairment, and Potentiation of Toxicity Caused by Proteasome Inhibition. Cancers, 14.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.10.25.465799"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molonc.2013.07.010","article-title":"Nelfinavir and Bortezomib Inhibit mTOR Activity via ATF4-Mediated Sestrin-2 Regulation","volume":"7","author":"Rahmeh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, R., Zhang, L., Yang, J., Zhang, X., Mikkelsen, R., Song, S., and Zhou, H. (2015). HIV Protease Inhibitors Sensitize Human Head and Neck Squamous Carcinoma Cells to Radiation by Activating Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0125928"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fraichard, C., Bonnet-Serrano, F., Laguillier-Morizot, C., Hebert-Schuster, M., Lai-Kuen, R., Sibiude, J., Fournier, T., Cohen, M., and Guibourdenche, J. (2021). Protease Inhibitor Anti-HIV, Lopinavir, Impairs Placental Endocrine Function. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22020683"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111928","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2022.111928","article-title":"Anti-Retroviral Treatment with Zidovudine Alters Pyrimidine Metabolism, Reduces Translation, and Extends Healthy Longevity via ATF-4","volume":"42","author":"McIntyre","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4855","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.26696","article-title":"Suppressive Effects of Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate, an Antiretroviral Prodrug, on Mineralization and Type II and Type III Sodium-Dependent Phosphate Transporters Expression in Primary Human Osteoblasts","volume":"119","author":"Barbieri","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cell Biochem."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2019001139","article-title":"Activation of PERK-ATF4-CHOP Pathway as a Novel Therapeutic Approach for Efficient Elimination of HTLV-1-Infected Cells","volume":"4","author":"Ikebe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3760","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02497-12","article-title":"Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infects Follicular Helper CD4 T Cells in Lymphoid Tissues during Pathogenic Infection of Pigtail Macaques","volume":"87","author":"Xu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moukambi, F., Rabezanahary, H., Rodrigues, V., Racine, G., Robitaille, L., Krust, B., Andreani, G., Soundaramourty, C., Silvestre, R., and Laforge, M. (2015). Early Loss of Splenic Tfh Cells in SIV-Infected Rhesus Macaques. PLoS Pathog., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005287"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-019-0221-x","article-title":"Despite Early Antiretroviral Therapy Effector Memory and Follicular Helper CD4 T Cells Are Major Reservoirs in Visceral Lymphoid Tissues of SIV-Infected Macaques","volume":"13","author":"Rabezanahary","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4113","article-title":"PD-1(+) and Follicular Helper T Cells Are Responsible for Persistent HIV-1 Transcription in Treated Aviremic Individuals","volume":"22","author":"Banga","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20121932","article-title":"Follicular Helper T Cells Serve as the Major CD4 T Cell Compartment for HIV-1 Infection, Replication, and Production","volume":"210","author":"Perreau","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pluta, A., Jaworski, J.P., and Cort\u00e9s-Rubio, C.N. (2020). Balance between Retroviral Latency and Transcription: Based on HIV Model. Pathogens, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10010016"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2785","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1201119","article-title":"Functional Interaction of the HTLV-1 Transactivator Tax with Activating Transcription Factor-4 (ATF4)","volume":"14","author":"Reddy","year":"1997","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/28.3.663","article-title":"A Compilation of Cellular Transcription Factor Interactions with the HIV-1 LTR Promoter","volume":"28","author":"Pereira","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1997.8602","article-title":"U5 Region of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Long Terminal Repeat Contains TRE-like cAMP-Responsive Elements That Bind Both AP-1 and CREB\/ATF Proteins","volume":"233","author":"Rabbi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112253","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2023.1112253","article-title":"A Stay of Execution: ATF4 Regulation and Potential Outcomes for the Integrated Stress Response","volume":"16","author":"Neill","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e19272","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.19272","article-title":"Combinatorial bZIP Dimers Display Complex DNA-Binding Specificity Landscapes","volume":"6","author":"Reinke","year":"2017","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3720","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.9.3720","article-title":"Cross-Family Dimerization of Transcription Factors Fos\/Jun and ATF\/CREB Alters DNA Binding Specificity","volume":"88","author":"Hai","year":"1991","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2011.01.001","article-title":"The X Protein of HBV Induces HIV-1 Long Terminal Repeat Transcription by Enhancing the Binding of C\/EBP\u03b2 and CREB1\/2 Regulatory Proteins to the Long Terminal Repeat of HIV-1","volume":"156","author":"Mu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3470","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.20.10.3470-3481.2000","article-title":"Molecular Interactions Involved in the Transactivation of the Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 Promoter Mediated by Tax and CREB-2 (ATF-4)","volume":"20","author":"Gachon","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.1994.tb00882.x","article-title":"From AIDS to Parasite Infection: Pathogen-Mediated Subversion of Programmed Cell Death as a Mechanism for Immune Dysregulation","volume":"142","author":"Ameisen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11811","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.25.11811","article-title":"Type 1\/Type 2 Cytokine Modulation of T-Cell Programmed Cell Death as a Model for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Pathogenesis","volume":"91","author":"Clerici","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0295-129","article-title":"Apoptosis Occurs Predominantly in Bystander Cells and Not in Productively Infected Cells of HIV- and SIV-Infected Lymph Nodes","volume":"1","author":"Finkel","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mito.2004.06.010","article-title":"HIV-1 Triggers Mitochondrion Death","volume":"4","author":"Arnoult","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mitochondrion"},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4959","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V87.12.4959.bloodjournal87124959","article-title":"Fas-Mediated Apoptosis of CD4+ and CD8+ T Cells from Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Persons: Differential in Vitro Preventive Effect of Cytokines and Protease Antagonists","volume":"87","author":"Estaquier","year":"1996","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1759","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.182.6.1759","article-title":"T Helper Type 1\/T Helper Type 2 Cytokines and T Cell Death: Preventive Effect of Interleukin 12 on Activation-Induced and CD95 (FAS\/APO-1)-Mediated Apoptosis of CD4+ T Cells from Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Persons","volume":"182","author":"Estaquier","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2029","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.181.6.2029","article-title":"Fas Antigen Stimulation Induces Marked Apoptosis of T Lymphocytes in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Individuals","volume":"181","author":"Katsikis","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V89.4.1357","article-title":"Role of Fas Ligand and Receptor in the Mechanism of T-Cell Depletion in Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome: Effect on CD4+ Lymphocyte Depletion and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Replication","volume":"89","author":"Sloand","year":"1997","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16938","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1598-10.2010","article-title":"Neuronal Apoptosis Induced by Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Is Regulated by ATF4-CHOP-Mediated Induction of the Bcl-2 Homology 3-Only Member PUMA","volume":"30","author":"Galehdar","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2007.04.027","article-title":"ER Stress Triggers Apoptosis by Activating BH3-Only Protein Bim","volume":"129","author":"Puthalakath","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11749","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.619833","article-title":"A Novel Dual Kinase Function of the RET Proto-Oncogene Negatively Regulates Activating Transcription Factor 4-Mediated Apoptosis","volume":"290","author":"Sinha","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2477","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e13-01-0067","article-title":"CHOP Induces Activating Transcription Factor 5 (ATF5) to Trigger Apoptosis in Response to Perturbations in Protein Homeostasis","volume":"24","author":"Teske","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2200","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0807611106","article-title":"ERAD Inhibitors Integrate ER Stress with an Epigenetic Mechanism to Activate BH3-Only Protein NOXA in Cancer Cells","volume":"106","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e13-11-0664","article-title":"Translational and Posttranslational Regulation of XIAP by eIF2\u03b1 and ATF4 Promotes ER Stress-Induced Cell Death during the Unfolded Protein Response","volume":"25","author":"Hiramatsu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6801","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/cdf683","article-title":"HIV-1 Tat Targets Microtubules to Induce Apoptosis, a Process Promoted by the pro-Apoptotic Bcl-2 Relative Bim","volume":"21","author":"Chen","year":"2002","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12866","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-12758-w","article-title":"HIV-Infected Macrophages and Microglia That Survive Acute Infection Become Viral Reservoirs by a Mechanism Involving Bim","volume":"7","author":"Castellano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00044","article-title":"Role of FOXO3 Activated by HIV-1 Tat in HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorder Neuronal Apoptosis","volume":"13","author":"Dong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2022.04.018","article-title":"HIV-1 Gag and Vpr Impair the Inflammasome Activation and Contribute to the Establishment of Chronic Infection in Human Primary Macrophages","volume":"148","author":"Zambuzi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1007\/s12192-020-01185-y","article-title":"Comparative Analysis of Differential Gene Expression of HSP40 and HSP70 Family Isoforms during Heat Stress and HIV-1 Infection in T-Cells","volume":"26","author":"Chand","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Stress Chaperones"},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22793","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202201738R","article-title":"DNAJB8 Facilitates Autophagic-Lysosomal Degradation of Viral Vif Protein and Restricts HIV-1 Virion Infectivity by Rescuing APOBEC3G Expression in Host Cells","volume":"37","author":"Chand","year":"2023","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buonaguro, L., Monaco, A., Aric\u00f2, E., Wang, E., Tornesello, M.L., Lewis, G.K., Marincola, F.M., and Buonaguro, F.M. (2008). Gene Expression Profile of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells in Response to HIV-VLPs Stimulation. BMC Bioinform., 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-9-S2-S5"},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2022.2031583","article-title":"HIV-1 Provirus Transcription and Translation in Macrophages Differs from Pre-Integrated cDNA Complexes and Requires E2F Transcriptional Programs","volume":"13","author":"Lim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1378.014","article-title":"Apoptotic Cell Signaling in Lymphocytes from HIV+ Patients during Successful Therapy","volume":"1090","author":"Grelli","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0030134","article-title":"Apoptotic Killing of HIV-1-Infected Macrophages Is Subverted by the Viral Envelope Glycoprotein","volume":"3","author":"Swingler","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.20768","article-title":"Apoptosis-Associated Gene Expression in HIV-Infected Patients in Response to Successful Antiretroviral Therapy","volume":"79","author":"Balestrieri","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laforge, M., Campillo-Gimenez, L., Monceaux, V., Cumont, M.-C., Hurtrel, B., Corbeil, J., Zaunders, J., Elbim, C., and Estaquier, J. (2011). HIV\/SIV Infection Primes Monocytes and Dendritic Cells for Apoptosis. PLoS Pathog., 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002087"},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15118","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.312660","article-title":"Critical Role for Antiapoptotic Bcl-xL and Mcl-1 in Human Macrophage Survival and Cellular IAP1\/2 (cIAP1\/2) in Resistance to HIV-Vpr-Induced Apoptosis","volume":"287","author":"Busca","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.13955","article-title":"Galectin-3 Promotes Caspase-Independent Cell Death of HIV-1-Infected Macrophages","volume":"284","author":"Xue","year":"2017","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001851","article-title":"Dysregulation of Apoptosis and Autophagy Gene Expression in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Efficiently Treated HIV-Infected Patients","volume":"32","author":"Serrano","year":"2018","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.2174\/1570162X21666230519164239","article-title":"Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway Genes of Circulating Blood Neutrophils Triggered during HIV Infection and Remained Stimulated in ART Patients","volume":"21","author":"Muraduzzaman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. HIV Res."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8460","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.12.8460","article-title":"Tat-Induced FOXO3a Is a Key Mediator of Apoptosis in HIV-1-Infected Human CD4+ T Lymphocytes","volume":"181","author":"Dabrowska","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20031216","article-title":"NF-kappaB and P53 Are the Dominant Apoptosis-Inducing Transcription Factors Elicited by the HIV-1 Envelope","volume":"199","author":"Perfettini","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)62044-5","article-title":"Characterization of Cell Death Pathways in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Associated Encephalitis","volume":"167","author":"Nardacci","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2006.08.004","article-title":"Role of the Transcription Factor E2F1 in CXCR4-Mediated Neurotoxicity and HIV Neuropathology","volume":"25","author":"Shimizu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moni, M.A., and Li\u00f2, P. (2014). Network-Based Analysis of Comorbidities Risk during an Infection: SARS and HIV Case Studies. BMC Bioinform., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-15-333"},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petralia, M.C., Nicoletti, F., Tancheva, L., Kalfin, R., Fagone, P., and Mangano, K. (2022). Gene Co-Expression Network Modular Analysis Reveals Altered Immune Mechanisms in HIV-HAND. Brain Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12101378"},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33378","DOI":"10.1038\/srep33378","article-title":"ASPP2 Involvement in P53-Mediated HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Gp120 Neurotoxicity in Mice Cerebrocortical Neurons","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Z., Xiao, Y., Torresilla, C., Rassart, \u00c9., and Barbeau, B. (2017). Implication of Different HIV-1 Genes in the Modulation of Autophagy. Viruses, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/v9120389"},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2009.413","article-title":"Tid1 Is a New Regulator of P53 Mitochondrial Translocation and Apoptosis in Cancer","volume":"29","author":"Ahn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.00-0336fje","article-title":"HIV Induces Lymphocyte Apoptosis by a P53-Initiated, Mitochondrial-Mediated Mechanism","volume":"15","author":"Genini","year":"2001","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laforge, M., Limou, S., Harper, F., Casartelli, N., Rodrigues, V., Silvestre, R., Haloui, H., Zagury, J.-F., Senik, A., and Estaquier, J. (2013). DRAM Triggers Lysosomal Membrane Permeabilization and Cell Death in CD4(+) T Cells Infected with HIV. PLoS Pathog., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003328"},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18102","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M115.665950","article-title":"Tid1, the Mammalian Homologue of Drosophila Tumor Suppressor Tid56, Mediates Macroautophagy by Interacting with Beclin1-Containing Autophagy Protein Complex","volume":"290","author":"Niu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1016\/S1097-2765(01)00367-7","article-title":"ASPP Proteins Specifically Stimulate the Apoptotic Function of P53","volume":"8","author":"Bergamaschi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-020-01410-x","article-title":"Sufentanil Protects the Liver from Ischemia\/Reperfusion-Induced Inflammation and Apoptosis by Inhibiting ATF4-Induced TP53BP2 Expression","volume":"44","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2017.00150","article-title":"ASPP2 Plays a Dual Role in Gp120-Induced Autophagy and Apoptosis of Neuroblastoma Cells","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2597","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e07-12-1205","article-title":"Identification of a Novel Protein MICS1 That Is Involved in Maintenance of Mitochondrial Morphology and Apoptotic Release of Cytochrome c","volume":"19","author":"Oka","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seitaj, B., Maull, F., Zhang, L., W\u00fcllner, V., Wolf, C., Schippers, P., La Rovere, R., Distler, U., Tenzer, S., and Parys, J.B. (2020). Transmembrane BAX Inhibitor-1 Motif Containing Protein 5 (TMBIM5) Sustains Mitochondrial Structure, Shape, and Function by Impacting the Mitochondrial Protein Synthesis Machinery. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9102147"},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e54978","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.202254978","article-title":"TMBIM5 Is the Ca2+\/H+ Antiporter of Mammalian Mitochondria","volume":"23","author":"Austin","year":"2022","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021102","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1021102","article-title":"RNA-Sequencing Approach for Exploring the Therapeutic Effect of Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem\/Stromal Cells on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Lung Injury","volume":"13","author":"Cui","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202201478","DOI":"10.26508\/lsa.202201478","article-title":"TMBIM5 Loss of Function Alters Mitochondrial Matrix Ion Homeostasis and Causes a Skeletal Myopathy","volume":"5","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Life Sci. Alliance"},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2019.06.015","article-title":"Activation of G0\/G1 Switch Gene 2 by Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Enhances Hepatic Steatosis","volume":"99","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1089\/dna.1991.10.581","article-title":"A Human Putative Lymphocyte G0\/G1 Switch Gene Containing a CpG-Rich Island Encodes a Small Basic Protein with the Potential to Be Phosphorylated","volume":"10","author":"Russell","year":"1991","journal-title":"DNA Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1089\/dna.1990.9.579","article-title":"A Set of Human Putative Lymphocyte G0\/G1 Switch Genes Includes Genes Homologous to Rodent Cytokine and Zinc Finger Protein-Encoding Genes","volume":"9","author":"Siderovski","year":"1990","journal-title":"DNA Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2017.06.007","article-title":"G0S2: A Small Giant Controller of Lipolysis and Adipose-Liver Fatty Acid Flux","volume":"1862","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Cell Biol. Lipids"},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1318547111","article-title":"Evaluation of Intramitochondrial ATP Levels Identifies G0\/G1 Switch Gene 2 as a Positive Regulator of Oxidative Phosphorylation","volume":"111","author":"Kioka","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C496","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00317.2014","article-title":"Lipolytic Inhibitor G0\/G1 Switch Gene 2 Inhibits Reactive Oxygen Species Production and Apoptosis in Endothelial Cells","volume":"308","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7683","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkt563","article-title":"The eIF2\u03b1\/ATF4 Pathway Is Essential for Stress-Induced Autophagy Gene Expression","volume":"41","author":"Maurin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2008.12.079","article-title":"ATF4 Is Necessary and Sufficient for ER Stress-Induced Upregulation of REDD1 Expression","volume":"379","author":"Whitney","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1870","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.01393-10","article-title":"Cell-Type-Dependent Regulation of mTORC1 by REDD1 and the Tumor Suppressors TSC1\/TSC2 and LKB1 in Response to Hypoxia","volume":"31","author":"Wolff","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxz309","article-title":"ATF4-Mediated Upregulation of REDD1 and Sestrin2 Suppresses mTORC1 Activity during Prolonged Leucine Deprivation","volume":"150","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cabrera-Rodr\u00edguez, R., P\u00e9rez-Yanes, S., Lorenzo-S\u00e1nchez, I., Trujillo-Gonz\u00e1lez, R., Est\u00e9vez-Herrera, J., Garc\u00eda-Luis, J., and Valenzuela-Fern\u00e1ndez, A. (2023). HIV Infection: Shaping the Complex, Dynamic, and Interconnected Network of the Cytoskeleton. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241713104"},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.2014.88","article-title":"Roles of Autophagy in HIV Infection","volume":"93","author":"Dinkins","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2161","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI26185","article-title":"Autophagy Is Involved in T Cell Death after Binding of HIV-1 Envelope Proteins to CXCR4","volume":"116","author":"Espert","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e10-08-0722","article-title":"HIV-1 Requires Arf6-Mediated Membrane Dynamics to Efficiently Enter and Infect T Lymphocytes","volume":"22","author":"Machado","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201110114","article-title":"Arf6 Promotes Autophagosome Formation via Effects on Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-Bisphosphate and Phospholipase D","volume":"196","author":"Moreau","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Grol, J., Subauste, C., Andrade, R.M., Fujinaga, K., Nelson, J., and Subauste, C.S. (2010). HIV-1 Inhibits Autophagy in Bystander Macrophage\/Monocytic Cells through Src-Akt and STAT3. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0011733"},{"key":"ref_246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3282f4a836","article-title":"Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type-1 Infection Inhibits Autophagy","volume":"22","author":"Zhou","year":"2008","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1111\/boc.201900071","article-title":"HIV-1 Vpr Inhibits Autophagy during the Early Steps of Infection of CD4 T Cells","volume":"111","author":"Alfaisal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rozman, M., Zidovec-Lepej, S., Jambrosic, K., Babi\u0107, M., and Drmi\u0107 Hofman, I. (2023). Role of TLRs in HIV-1 Infection and Potential of TLR Agonists in HIV-1 Vaccine Development and Treatment Strategies. Pathogens, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12010092"},{"key":"ref_249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1038\/gene.2011.21","article-title":"IRF7: Activation, Regulation, Modification and Function","volume":"12","author":"Ning","year":"2011","journal-title":"Genes Immun."},{"key":"ref_250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e754","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2013.280","article-title":"GADD34 Induces Cell Death through Inactivation of Akt Following Traumatic Brain Injury","volume":"4","author":"Farook","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-6-5","article-title":"Microarray Study Reveals That HIV-1 Induces Rapid Type-I Interferon-Dependent P53 mRNA up-Regulation in Human Primary CD4+ T Cells","volume":"6","author":"Imbeault","year":"2009","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"ref_252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sirois, M., Robitaille, L., Allary, R., Shah, M., Woelk, C.H., Estaquier, J., and Corbeil, J. (2011). TRAF6 and IRF7 Control HIV Replication in Macrophages. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0028125"},{"key":"ref_253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2019.11.010","article-title":"GADD34 Attenuates HIV-1 Replication by Viral 5\u2032-UTR TAR RNA-Mediated Translational Inhibition","volume":"540","author":"Ishaq","year":"2020","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2011.0297","article-title":"HIV Type 1 Infection Up-Regulates TLR2 and TLR4 Expression and Function in Vivo and in Vitro","volume":"28","author":"Stevenson","year":"2012","journal-title":"AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses"},{"key":"ref_255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00426","article-title":"HIV-1 Structural Proteins Serve as PAMPs for TLR2 Heterodimers Significantly Increasing Infection and Innate Immune Activation","volume":"6","author":"Henrick","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2010.09.132","article-title":"Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Increases the Expression and Function of Toll-like Receptor-2 in Epithelial Cells","volume":"402","author":"Shimasaki","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-016-0501-2","article-title":"Cocaine-Mediated Induction of Microglial Activation Involves the ER Stress-TLR2 Axis","volume":"13","author":"Liao","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_258","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2012.57","article-title":"ATF4 Is Directly Recruited by TLR4 Signaling and Positively Regulates TLR4-Trigged Cytokine Production in Human Monocytes","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_259","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-019-01795-3","article-title":"White Matter Abnormalities Linked to Interferon, Stress Response, and Energy Metabolism Gene Expression Changes in Older HIV-Positive Patients on Antiretroviral Therapy","volume":"57","author":"Solomon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2990.2011.01215.x","article-title":"Activation Status of Integrated Stress Response Pathways in Neurones and Astrocytes of HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders (HAND) Cortex","volume":"38","author":"Akay","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-021-00898-1","article-title":"Multi-Omics Analyses Reveal That HIV-1 Alters CD4+ T Cell Immunometabolism to Fuel Virus Replication","volume":"22","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000128","article-title":"Increased Glucose Metabolic Activity Is Associated with CD4+ T-Cell Activation and Depletion during Chronic HIV Infection","volume":"28","author":"Palmer","year":"2014","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_263","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2018.11.015","article-title":"Cellular Metabolism Is a Major Determinant of HIV-1 Reservoir Seeding in CD4+ T Cells and Offers an Opportunity to Tackle Infection","volume":"29","author":"Angin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_264","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2549","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1121427109","article-title":"Glut1-Mediated Glucose Transport Regulates HIV Infection","volume":"109","author":"Swainson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.04.032","article-title":"ATF4 Regulates CD4+ T Cell Immune Responses through Metabolic Reprogramming","volume":"23","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_266","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-019-0084-1","article-title":"Entry of Glucose- and Glutamine-Derived Carbons into the Citric Acid Cycle Supports Early Steps of HIV-1 Infection in CD4 T Cells","volume":"1","author":"Clerc","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Metab."},{"key":"ref_267","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2023.01.001","article-title":"Immuno-Metabolic Control of the Balance between Th17-Polarized and Regulatory T-Cells during HIV Infection","volume":"69","author":"Yero","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev."},{"key":"ref_268","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1172638","article-title":"Halofuginone Inhibits TH17 Cell Differentiation by Activating the Amino Acid Starvation Response","volume":"324","author":"Sundrud","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_269","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1604","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0903058","article-title":"Peripheral Blood CCR4+CCR6+ and CXCR3+CCR6+CD4+ T Cells Are Highly Permissive to HIV-1 Infection","volume":"184","author":"Gosselin","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001309","article-title":"HIV Persists in CCR6+CD4+ T Cells from Colon and Blood during Antiretroviral Therapy","volume":"31","author":"Gosselin","year":"2017","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Estes, J.D., Harris, L.D., Klatt, N.R., Tabb, B., Pittaluga, S., Paiardini, M., Barclay, G.R., Smedley, J., Pung, R., and Oliveira, K.M. (2010). Damaged Intestinal Epithelial Integrity Linked to Microbial Translocation in Pathogenic Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infections. PLoS Pathog., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001052"},{"key":"ref_272","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Favre, D., Lederer, S., Kanwar, B., Ma, Z.-M., Proll, S., Kasakow, Z., Mold, J., Swainson, L., Barbour, J.D., and Baskin, C.R. (2009). Critical Loss of the Balance between Th17 and T Regulatory Cell Populations in Pathogenic SIV Infection. PLoS Pathog., 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000295"},{"key":"ref_273","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2016.116","article-title":"The Loss of CCR6+ and CD161+ CD4+ T-Cell Homeostasis Contributes to Disease Progression in SIV-Infected Rhesus Macaques","volume":"10","author":"McGary","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"ref_274","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1743","article-title":"Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Induced Mucosal Interleukin-17 Deficiency Promotes Salmonella Dissemination from the Gut","volume":"14","author":"Raffatellu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00371-19","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00371-19","article-title":"Differential Dynamics of Regulatory T-Cell and Th17 Cell Balance in Mesenteric Lymph Nodes and Blood Following Early Antiretroviral Initiation during Acute Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection","volume":"93","author":"Yero","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_276","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84595","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.21102","article-title":"The Transcription Factor ATF5: Role in Cellular Differentiation, Stress Responses, and Cancer","volume":"8","author":"Sears","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_277","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1006\/geno.2002.6838","article-title":"Mouse Atf5: Molecular Cloning of Two Novel mRNAs, Genomic Organization, and Odorant Sensory Neuron Localization","volume":"80","author":"Hansen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"key":"ref_278","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6321","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.22.18.6321-6335.2002","article-title":"Classification of Human B-ZIP Proteins Based on Dimerization Properties","volume":"22","author":"Vinson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_279","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gendis.2021.04.008","article-title":"Emerging Roles of Activating Transcription Factor (ATF) Family Members in Tumourigenesis and Immunity: Implications in Cancer Immunotherapy","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Genes Dis."},{"key":"ref_280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paerhati, P., Liu, J., Jin, Z., Jako\u0161, T., Zhu, S., Qian, L., Zhu, J., and Yuan, Y. (2022). Advancements in Activating Transcription Factor 5 Function in Regulating Cell Stress and Survival. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23137129"},{"key":"ref_281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmitz, M.L., Shaban, M.S., Albert, B.V., G\u00f6k\u00e7en, A., and Kracht, M. (2018). The Crosstalk of Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Stress Pathways with NF-\u03baB: Complex Mechanisms Relevant for Cancer, Inflammation and Infection. Biomedicines, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines6020058"},{"key":"ref_282","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2008.080440","article-title":"Up-Regulation of Activating Transcription Factor-5 Suppresses SAP Expression to Activate T Cells in Hemophagocytic Syndrome Associated with Epstein-Barr Virus Infection and Immune Disorders","volume":"173","author":"Chuang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_283","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-013-4569-y","article-title":"A Cellular Response Protein Induced during HSV-1 Infection Inhibits Viral Replication by Interacting with ATF5","volume":"56","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. China Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32157","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.17150","article-title":"Human Cytomegalovirus Immediate-Early Protein Promotes Survival of Glioma Cells through Interacting and Acetylating ATF5","volume":"8","author":"Hu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Badu, P., and Pager, C.T. (2023). Activation of ATF3 via the Integrated Stress Response Pathway Regulates Innate Immune and Autophagy Processes to Restrict Zika Virus. bioRxiv, bioRxiv:2023.07.26.550716.","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.07.26.550716"},{"key":"ref_286","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-10-160","article-title":"Transcriptional Profiling Reveals Molecular Signatures Associated with HIV Permissiveness in Th1Th17 Cells and Identifies Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma as an Intrinsic Negative Regulator of Viral Replication","volume":"10","author":"Bernier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Retrovirology"}],"container-title":["Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-7737\/13\/3\/146\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:05:18Z","timestamp":1760105118000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-7737\/13\/3\/146"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,26]]},"references-count":286,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["biology13030146"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biology13030146","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-7737"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-7737","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,26]]}}}