{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T06:13:04Z","timestamp":1791267184239,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,18]],"date-time":"2024-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718668800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Adenylyl cyclases (ACs) are a group of enzymes that convert adenosine-5\u2032-triphosphate (ATP) to cyclic adenosine 3\u2032,5\u2032 monophosphate (cAMP), a vital and ubiquitous signalling molecule in cellular responses to hormones and neurotransmitters. There are nine transmembrane (tmAC) forms, which have been widely studied; however, the tenth, soluble AC (sAC) is less extensively characterised. The eye is one of the most metabolically active sites in the body, where sAC has been found in abundance, making it a target for novel therapeutics and biomarking. In the cornea, AC plays a role in endothelial cell function, which is vital in maintaining stromal dehydration, and therefore, clarity. In the retina, AC has been implicated in axon cell growth and survival. As these cells are irreversibly damaged in glaucoma and injury, this molecule may provide focus for future therapies. Another potential area for glaucoma management is the source of aqueous humour production, the ciliary body, where AC has also been identified. Furthering the understanding of lacrimal gland function is vital in managing dry eye disease, a common and debilitating condition. sAC has been linked to tear production and could serve as a therapeutic target. Overall, ACs are an exciting area of study in ocular health, offering multiple avenues for future medical therapies and diagnostics. This review paper explores the diverse roles of ACs in the eye and their potential as targets for innovative treatments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology13060445","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,18]],"date-time":"2024-06-18T07:33:20Z","timestamp":1718696000000},"page":"445","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Adenylyl Cyclase in Ocular Health and Disease: A Comprehensive Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0542-1090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Polly","family":"Thompson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"West of England Eye Unit, Royal Devon University Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Virginija","family":"Vilkelyte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Exeter Medical School, St Luke\u2019s Campus, University of Exeter, Exeter EX1 2HZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0545-9764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Malgorzata","family":"Woronkowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NDDH, Royal Devon University Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Barnstaple EX31 4JB, UK"},{"name":"Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, 162 City Road, London EC1V 2PD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitra","family":"Tavakoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Exeter Medical School, St Luke\u2019s Campus, University of Exeter, Exeter EX1 2HZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piotr","family":"Skopinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, SPKSO Ophthalmic University Hospital, Medical University of Warsaw, 00-576 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harry","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"West of England Eye Unit, Royal Devon University Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK"},{"name":"University of Exeter Medical School, St Luke\u2019s Campus, University of Exeter, Exeter EX1 2HZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mammalian adenylyl cyclases","volume":"32","author":"Smit","year":"1998","journal-title":"Adv. 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