{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T03:57:02Z","timestamp":1784951822326,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,24]],"date-time":"2024-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721779200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004320","name":"Shiraz University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["10858"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10858"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004320","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The limited self-repair capacity of articular cartilage is a challenge for healing injuries. While mesenchymal stem\/stromal cells (MSCs) are a promising approach for tissue regeneration, the criteria for selecting a suitable cell source remain undefined. To propose a molecular criterion, dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) with a Hox-negative expression pattern and bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (BMSCs), which actively express Hox genes, were differentiated towards chondrocytes in 3D pellets, employing a two-step protocol. The MSCs\u2019 response to preconditioning by cobalt chloride (CoCl2), a hypoxia-mimicking agent, was explored in an assessment of the chondrogenic differentiation\u2019s efficiency using morphological, histochemical, immunohistochemical, and biochemical experiments. The preconditioned DPSC pellets exhibited significantly elevated levels of collagen II and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and reduced levels of the hypertrophic marker collagen X. No significant effect on GAGs production was observed in the preconditioned BMSC pellets, but collagen II and collagen X levels were elevated. While preconditioning did not modify the ALP specific activity in either cell type, it was notably lower in the DPSCs differentiated pellets compared to their BMSCs counterparts. These results could be interpreted as demonstrating the higher plasticity of DPSCs compared to BMSCs, suggesting the contribution of their unique molecular characteristics, including their negative Hox expression pattern, to promote a chondrogenic differentiation potential. Consequently, DPSCs could be considered compelling candidates for future cartilage cell therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology13080560","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,24]],"date-time":"2024-07-24T15:47:32Z","timestamp":1721836052000},"page":"560","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Plasticity Comparison of Two Stem Cell Sources with Different Hox Gene Expression Profiles in Response to Cobalt Chloride Treatment during Chondrogenic Differentiation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1614-2962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sahar","family":"Khajeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bone and Joint Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348-14336, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8966-6081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vahid","family":"Razban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348-14336, Iran"},{"name":"Stem Cell Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348-14336, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasaman","family":"Naeimzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348-14336, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0153-2650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elham","family":"Nadimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348-14336, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1901-7171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reza","family":"Asadi-Golshan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14166-34793, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zahra","family":"Heidari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348-14336, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tahereh","family":"Talaei-Khozani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348-14336, Iran"},{"name":"Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348-14336, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farzaneh","family":"Dehghani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348-14336, Iran"},{"name":"Histomorphometry and Stereology Research Centre, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348-14336, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3779-177X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zohreh","family":"Mostafavi-Pour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348-14336, Iran"},{"name":"Maternal-Fetal Medicine Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348-14336, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5401-0541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masoud","family":"Shirali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, Queen\u2019s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5AJ, UK"},{"name":"Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Hillsborough BT26 6DR, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-020-00670-x","article-title":"Models of osteoarthritis: Relevance and new insights","volume":"109","author":"Samvelyan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Calcif. 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