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Brain surface morphometry analyses can potentially assist in providing a better understanding of structural brain differences, and may help characterize DS-specific neurodevelopment. We performed a retrospective surface morphometry study of 73 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examinations of DS patients (aged 1 day to 22 years) and compared them to a large cohort of 993 brain MRI examinations of neurotypical participants, aged 1 day to 32 years. Surface curvature measurements, absolute surface area measurements, and surface areas as a percentage of total brain surface area (%TBSA) were extracted from each brain region in each examination. Results demonstrate broad reductions in surface area and abnormalities of surface curvature measurements across the brain in DS. After adjusting our regional surface area measurements as %TBSA, abnormally increased presentation in DS relative to neurotypical controls was observed in the left precentral, bilateral entorhinal, left parahippocampal, and bilateral perirhinal cortices, as well as Brodmann\u2019s area 44 (left), and the right temporal pole. Findings suggest the presence of developmental abnormalities of regional %TBSA in DS that can be characterized from clinical MRI examinations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology13080575","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]],"date-time":"2024-07-30T11:11:25Z","timestamp":1722337885000},"page":"575","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Based Surface Morphometry Analysis of Pediatric Down Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3162-3548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacob","family":"Levman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, NS B2G 2W5, Canada"},{"name":"Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Boston, MA 02129, USA"},{"name":"Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS B3H 1V8, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernadette","family":"McCann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Kinetics, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, NS B2G 2W5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2170-3058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicole","family":"Baumer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4420-9124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melanie Y.","family":"Lam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Kinetics, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, NS B2G 2W5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0076-5882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tadashi","family":"Shiohama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8677, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liam","family":"Cogger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Education, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, NS B2G 2W5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allissa","family":"MacDonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, NS B2G 2W5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emi","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Boston, MA 02129, USA"},{"name":"Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 401 Park Dr., Boston, MA 02215, USA"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2013.06.013","article-title":"Current Estimate of Down Syndrome Population Prevalence in the United States","volume":"163","author":"Presson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. 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