{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T20:32:06Z","timestamp":1789677126029,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,11]],"date-time":"2024-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81774198 and 82274406"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81774198 and 82274406"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Collaborative Education Project of the Ministry of Education of China","award":["230907540282046 and 231001282180502"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["230907540282046 and 231001282180502"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004731","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Z24H270005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z24H270005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004731","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Recent studies have established associations between the gut microbiota (GM) and thyroid diseases (TDs). However, their causal relationships remain elusive. Methods: To investigate this causality, we conducted a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis using genome-wide association study (GWAS) data from MiBioGen and FinnGen, with GM as the exposure and six TDs as outcomes. Results: We identified 32 microbial taxa linked to the risk of six TDs. The Clostridium innocuum group, Ruminiclostridium5, and Lachnoclostridium exhibited protective effects against nontoxic diffuse goiter (NDG). Conversely, an increased risk of NDG was associated with Ruminococcaceae UCG002, Alistipes, Methanobrevibacter, Marvinbryantia, and Ruminococcaceae UCG014. Bifidobacterium and Sutterella were protective against nontoxic multinodular goiter (NMG), while the Ruminococcus gauvreauii group and Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group heightened NMG risk. Protective effects against nontoxic single thyroid nodule (NSTN) were observed with Defluviitaleaceae UCG011, Ruminococcus1, and Ruminococcaceae UCG010, whereas increased risk was linked to Alistipes, the Ruminococcus gauvreauii group, and Lachnospiraceae UCG010. Ruminiclostridium9, Victivallis, and Butyricimonas offered protection against thyrotoxicosis with Graves\u2019 Disease (GD), while the Eubacterium rectale group, Desulfovibrio, Bifidobacterium, Collinsella, Oscillospira, and Catenibacterium were risk factors. For thyrotoxicosis with Plummer Disease (PD), protective taxa included Butyricimonas and Lachnospira, whereas Dorea, Eggerthella, Odoribacter, Lactobacillus, Intestinimonas, and Phascolarctobacterium increased risk. Lastly, Parasutterella was protective against thyrotoxicosis with toxic single thyroid nodule (TSTN), while increased risk was associated with Sutterella, Oscillibacter, and Clostridium sensu stricto1. Conclusions: Our findings support a causal relationship between specific GM and TDs at the genetic level, laying the foundation for future research into potential mechanisms and the identification of novel therapeutic targets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology13090714","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,12]],"date-time":"2024-09-12T02:30:23Z","timestamp":1726108223000},"page":"714","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Uncovering a Causal Connection between Gut Microbiota and Six Thyroid Diseases: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-8265-0145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiahao","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4389-7640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Jiangxi, University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3608-5379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hang","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuxin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Jiangxi, University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lisco, G., De Tullio, A., Triggiani, D., Zupo, R., Giagulli, V.A., De Pergola, G., Piazzolla, G., Guastamacchia, E., Sabb\u00e0, C., and Triggiani, V. 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