{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T07:07:11Z","timestamp":1785308831382,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,12]],"date-time":"2024-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726099200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The venoarteriolar reflex (VAR) is described as a vasoconstriction occurring in response to an increase in venous transmural pressure. Its underlying mechanisms are still not clarified, particularly the neural pathway that supposedly evokes this reflex. In addition, recent studies have shown that the postural maneuvers that evoke VAR also produce a decrease in contralateral perfusion, which is also poorly understood. Our study aimed to explore the contralateral response to unilateral upper limb dependency and its underlying mechanisms. Fifteen young, healthy subjects (24.1 \u00b1 5.8 y.o.) participated in this study after giving informed consent. While seated, subjects remained for 7 min with both arms at heart level (baseline), after which a random hand was placed 40 cm below the heart level for 5 min (dependency) before resuming the initial position for another 7 min (recovery). Skin perfusion was assessed bilaterally with photoplethysmography, and electrodermal activity (EDA) was assessed in the contralateral hand. During hand dependency, perfusion decreased significantly in both limbs, although it was more pronounced in the dependent limb, corroborating previous reports that unilateral limb dependency evokes a decrease in contralateral perfusion. Transient EDA peaks were detected in the first seconds of the dependency and recovery phases. These results support the participation of the sympathetic nervous system as a mechanism regulating contralateral perfusion during unilateral limb dependency. This sympathetic activation is probably attributed to the postural changes themselves and is likely not related to the VAR.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology13090715","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,12]],"date-time":"2024-09-12T05:03:04Z","timestamp":1726117384000},"page":"715","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Revisiting the Venoarteriolar Reflex\u2013Further Insights from Upper Limb Dependency in Healthy Subjects"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Henrique","family":"Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Health Technologies, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering Institute (IBEB), Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlota","family":"Rezendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Health Technologies, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1006\/mvre.1993.1058","article-title":"Acute cutaneous microvascular flow responses to whole-body tilting in humans","volume":"46","author":"Breit","year":"1993","journal-title":"Microvasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00804.2004","article-title":"Vasoconstriction during venous congestion: Effects of venoarteriolar response, myogenic reflexes, and hemodynamics of changing perfusion pressure","volume":"289","author":"Okazaki","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2001.013060","article-title":"Evidence that the human cutaneous venoarteriolar response is not mediated by adrenergic mechanisms","volume":"538","author":"Crandall","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1042\/cs0750379","article-title":"Mechanism of the postural vasoconstrictor response in the human foot","volume":"75","author":"Hassan","year":"1988","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"33","article-title":"Sympathetic reflex control of blood flow in human peripheral tissues","volume":"603","author":"Henriksen","year":"1991","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1983.tb00014.x","article-title":"Changes in subcutaneous blood flow during locally applied negative pressure to the skin","volume":"117","author":"Skagen","year":"1983","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2013.09.007","article-title":"Neuroregulation of cutaneous microcirculation: The shadow of Sir Thomas Lewis","volume":"34","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1007\/s004210050069","article-title":"Blood distribution adaptations in paraplegics during posture changes: Peripheral and central reflex responses","volume":"81","author":"Theisen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1042\/cs0700321","article-title":"Blood flow in skeletal muscle of tetraplegic man during postural changes","volume":"70","author":"Andersen","year":"1986","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1042\/cs0620605","article-title":"Sympathetic reflex control of subcutaneous blood flow in tetraplegic man during postural changes","volume":"62","author":"Skagen","year":"1982","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1976.tb10284.x","article-title":"Local Reflex in Microcirculation in Human Subcutaneous Tissue","volume":"97","author":"Henriksen","year":"1976","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1976.tb10277.x","article-title":"Effect of Chronic Sympathetic Denervation upon Local Regulation of Blood Flow in Human Subcutaneous Tissue","volume":"97","author":"Henriksen","year":"1976","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1976.tb10278.x","article-title":"Local Nervous Mechanism in Regulation of Blood Flow in Human Subcutaneous Tissue","volume":"97","author":"Henriksen","year":"1976","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.2012.02416.x","article-title":"Age- and limb-related differences in the vasoconstrictor response to limb dependency are not mediated by a sympathetic mechanism in humans","volume":"205","author":"Snyder","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Physiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1973.tb05547.x","article-title":"Autoregulation of Blood Flow in Human Cutaneous Tissue","volume":"89","author":"Henriksen","year":"1973","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172828","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2019.172828","article-title":"KCa and KV channels modulate the venoarteriolar reflex in non-glabrous human skin with no roles of KATP channels, NOS, and COX","volume":"866","author":"Fujii","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2281.1998.00123.x","article-title":"The venoarteriolar response of the skin in healthy legs measured at different depths","volume":"18","author":"Malanin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1177\/1358863X08092101","article-title":"The venoarterial reflex","volume":"13","author":"Rathbun","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva, H., Ferreira, H.A., da Silva, H.P., and Monteiro Rodrigues, L. (2018). The venoarteriolar reflex significantly reduces contralateral perfusion as part of the lower limb circulatory homeostasis in vivo. Front. Physiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.01123"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.70.1.22","article-title":"Posturally induced vasoconstriction in diabetes mellitus","volume":"70","author":"Shore","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.67.4.802","article-title":"Effects of propranolol on reflex vascular responses to orthostatic stress in humans. Role of ventricular baroreceptors","volume":"67","author":"Ferguson","year":"1983","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"403","article-title":"Las dos caras del reflejo venoarteriolar: Vasoconstricci\u00f3n y vasodilataci\u00f3n cut\u00e1nea al bajar y subir el brazo","volume":"62","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"145","article-title":"Characterization of the peripheral vascular function by a hemodynamical response to a passive postural change in the lower limb","volume":"3","author":"Pinto","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rev. Lus\u00f3fona Ci\u00eancias E Tecnol. Sa\u00fade."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Monteiro Rodrigues, L., Rocha, C., Andrade, S., Granja, T., and Greg\u00f3rio, J. (2023). The acute adaptation of skin microcirculatory perfusion in vivo does not involve a local response but rather a centrally mediated adaptive reflex. Front. Physiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1177583"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2223","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00210.2003","article-title":"Postural changes in capillary pressure in the hallux of healthy volunteers","volume":"95","author":"Ubbink","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.3109\/10641969509087053","article-title":"Mechanisms of insulin action on sympathetic nerve activity","volume":"17","author":"Muntzel","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rajapakse, N.W., Chong, A.L., Zhang, W., and Kaye, D.M. (2013). Insulin-mediated activation of the L-arginine nitric oxide pathway in man, and its impairment in diabetes. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061840"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva, H., \u0160orli, J., and Lenasi, H. (2021). Oral Glucose Load and Human Cutaneous Microcirculation: An Insight into Flowmotion Assessed by Wavelet Transform. Biology, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology10100953"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"World Medical Association (2013). World Medical Association declaration of Helsinki: Ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. JAMA, 310, 2191\u20132194.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.281053"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/28\/3\/R01","article-title":"Photoplethysmography and its application in clinical physiological measurement","volume":"28","author":"Allen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kamshilin, A.A., Nippolainen, E., Sidorov, I.S., Vasilev, P.V., Erofeev, N.P., Podolian, N.P., and Romashko, R.V. (2015). A new look at the essence of the imaging photoplethysmography. Sci. Rep., 5.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep10494"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Volkov, M.V., Margaryants, N.B., Potemkin, A.V., Volynsky, M.A., Gurov, I.P., Mamontov, O.V., and Kamshilin, A.A. (2017). Video capillaroscopy clarifies mechanism of the photoplethysmographic waveform appearance. Sci. Rep., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-13552-4"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1159\/000066451","article-title":"EEMCO guidance for the measurement of skin microcirculation","volume":"15","author":"Berardesca","year":"2002","journal-title":"Skin. Pharmacol. Appl. Skin. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1007\/s10286-004-0223-x","article-title":"Effect of local heating and vasodilation on the cutaneous venoarteriolar response","volume":"14","author":"Davison","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Auton. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petkov\u0161ek, M., Nemec, M., and Zajec, P. (2021). Algorithm Execution Time and Accuracy of NTC Thermistor-Based Temperature Measurements in Time-Critical Applications. Mathematics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/math9182266"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Posada-Quintero, H.F., and Chon, K.H. (2020). Innovations in electrodermal activity data collection and signal processing: A systematic review. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20020479"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1978.sp012136","article-title":"The effects of position and skin temperature on the capillary pressures in the fingers and toes","volume":"274","author":"Levick","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"209","article-title":"Combining laser-doppler flowmetry and photoplethysmography to explore in vivo vascular physiology","volume":"13","author":"Silva","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Biopharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.1113\/EP087166","article-title":"Augmented venoarteriolar response with ageing is associated with morning blood pressure surge","volume":"103","author":"Yoo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00899.2006","article-title":"Effect of spaceflight on the subcutaneous venoarteriolar reflex in the human lower leg","volume":"103","author":"Gabrielsen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2469","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1991.71.6.2469","article-title":"Transcapillary fluid shifts in tissues of the head and neck during and after simulated microgravity","volume":"71","author":"Parazynski","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2763","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1993.74.6.2763","article-title":"Transcapillary fluid responses to lower body negative pressure","volume":"74","author":"Aratow","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2415","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2001.91.6.2415","article-title":"Vascular adaptation to microgravity: What have we learned?","volume":"91","author":"Zhang","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2543","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3727\/38\/15\/004","article-title":"Optical properties of human skin, subcutaneous and mucous tissues in the wavelength range from 400 to 2000 nm","volume":"38","author":"Bashkatov","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Phys. D Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-201X.1997.573344000.x","article-title":"Mechanisms of cutaneous vasoconstriction during upright posture","volume":"159","author":"Vissing","year":"1997","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chaos.2018.09.016","article-title":"Photoplethysmogram at green light: Where does chaos arise from?","volume":"116","author":"Sviridova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chaos Solitons Fractals"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodrigues, L.M., Rocha, C., Ferreira, H., and Silva, H. (2019). Different lasers reveal different skin microcirculatory flowmotion\u2014Data from the wavelet transform analysis of human hindlimb perfusion. Sci. Rep., 9.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-53213-2"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2014.195","article-title":"A vascular mechanistic approach to understanding Raynaud phenomenon Key Points","volume":"11","author":"Flavahan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1983.tb07271.x","article-title":"Contribution of local blood flow regulation mechanisms to the maintenance of arterial pressure in upright position during epidural blockade","volume":"118","author":"Henriksen","year":"1983","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"1","article-title":"Local sympathetic reflex mechanism in regulation of blood flow in human subcutaneous adipose tissue","volume":"450","author":"Henriksen","year":"1977","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. Scand. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1977.tb10347.x","article-title":"Local Reflex in Microcirculation in Human Skeletal Muscle","volume":"99","author":"Henriksen","year":"1977","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1976.tb00240.x","article-title":"Intrinsic Regulation of Blood Flow in Adipose Tissue","volume":"98","author":"Henriksen","year":"1976","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-097X.1989.tb00969.x","article-title":"The veno-arteriolar reflex in free skin flaps","volume":"9","author":"Zoltie","year":"1989","journal-title":"Clin. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c190008","article-title":"Human skin microcirculation","volume":"10","author":"Cracowski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Compr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anderson, Z.T., Dawson, A.D., Slominski, A.T., and Harris, M.L. (2022). Current Insights Into the Role of Neuropeptide Y in Skin Physiology and Pathology. Front. Endocrinol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.838434"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1113\/EP086231","article-title":"Evidence for a functional vasoconstrictor role for ATP in the human cutaneous microvasculature","volume":"102","author":"Lang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1982.tb06948.x","article-title":"Regulation of subcutaneous blood flow during head-up tilt (45\u00b0) in normals","volume":"114","author":"Skagen","year":"1982","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2003.046284","article-title":"Sympathetic nerves inhibit conducted vasodilatation along feed arteries during passive stretch of hamster skeletal muscle","volume":"552","author":"Haug","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.6061\/clinics\/2014(09)04","article-title":"A single bout of exercise with a flexible pole induces significant cardiac autonomic responses in healthy men","volume":"69","author":"Ogata","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clinics"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000148633.93110.24","article-title":"Vanilloid receptor TRPV1, sensory C-fibers, and vascular autoregulation: A novel mechanism involved in myogenic constriction","volume":"95","author":"Scotland","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/s10286-016-0345-y","article-title":"Is adenosine a modulator of peripheral vasoconstrictor responses?","volume":"26","author":"Dayan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Auton. Res."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2001.013599","article-title":"How do veins talk to arteries?","volume":"538","author":"Johnson","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00878465","article-title":"Pharmacology of the Potassium Channel Openers","volume":"9","author":"Edwards","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Drugs Ther."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1506","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.109.191221","article-title":"Estrogen receptors and endothelium","volume":"30","author":"Arnal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arter. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-097X.2007.00716.x","article-title":"Skin tissue water and laser Doppler blood flow during a menstrual cycle","volume":"27","author":"Mayrovitz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Physiol. Funct. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1089\/089771503322686148","article-title":"Descending Vasomotor Pathways in Humans: Correlation between Axonal Preservation and Cardiovascular Dysfunction after Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"20","author":"Furlan","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.177707","article-title":"Cardiovascular dysfunction following spinal cord injury","volume":"11","author":"Partida","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.2340\/0001555574197200","article-title":"Impairment of the postural venoarteriolar reflex in aged individuals","volume":"74","author":"Gniadecka","year":"1994","journal-title":"Acta Derm.-Venereol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reyn\u00e8s, C., Perez-Martin, A., Ennaifer, H., Silva, H., Knapp, Y., and Vinet, A. (2021). Mechanisms of Venoarteriolar Reflex in Type 2 Diabetes with or without Peripheral Neuropathy. Biology, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology10040333"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1111\/micc.12254","article-title":"Role of laser doppler for the evaluation of pedal microcirculatory function in diabetic neuropathy patients","volume":"23","author":"Park","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microcirculation"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.3233\/CH-15106","article-title":"Venoarteriolar reflex responses in diabetic patients","volume":"65","author":"Stoyneva","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Hemorheol. Microcirc."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1807","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.14408","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes impairs vascular responsiveness to nitric oxide, but not the venoarteriolar reflex or post-occlusive reactive hyperaemia in forearm skin","volume":"30","author":"Fujii","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/S0950-821X(05)80762-5","article-title":"Peripheral nerve function in chronic venous insufficiency","volume":"7","author":"Shami","year":"1993","journal-title":"Eur. J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"F\u00f6ldi, E., and F\u00f6ldi, M. (2006). Lipedema. Foldi\u2019s Textbook of Lymphology, Elsevier. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2004.08.012","article-title":"Laser Doppler-recorded venoarteriolar reflex in Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon","volume":"116","author":"Stoyneva","year":"2004","journal-title":"Auton. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2611","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.526764","article-title":"Decreased microvascular nitric oxide\u2013dependent vasodilation in postural tachycardia syndrome","volume":"112","author":"Medow","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Besharat, S., Grol-Prokopczyk, H., Gao, S., Feng, C., Akwaa, F., and Gewandter, J.S. (2021). Peripheral edema: A common and persistent health problem for older Americans. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0260742"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.20047","article-title":"Cellulitis in chronic oedema","volume":"185","author":"Mortimer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1177\/0268355520938283","article-title":"Diagnostic approach to lower limb edema","volume":"35","author":"Gasparis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phlebology"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-3623(02)00129-5","article-title":"Estrogen and vascular function","volume":"38","author":"White","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vasc. Pharmacol."}],"container-title":["Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-7737\/13\/9\/715\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:54:30Z","timestamp":1760111670000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-7737\/13\/9\/715"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,12]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["biology13090715"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biology13090715","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-7737"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-7737","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,12]]}}}