{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T19:06:56Z","timestamp":1785870416540,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,26]],"date-time":"2024-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727308800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of Food and Agriculture, U.S. Department of Agriculture","award":["#1016077"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#1016077"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Food and Agriculture, U.S. Department of Agriculture","award":["# 6066-31000-015-00D"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["# 6066-31000-015-00D"]}]},{"name":"USDA-ARS Biophotonics","award":["#1016077"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#1016077"]}]},{"name":"USDA-ARS Biophotonics","award":["# 6066-31000-015-00D"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["# 6066-31000-015-00D"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Artificial insemination (AI) plays a critical role in livestock reproduction, with semen quality being essential. In swine, AI primarily uses cool-stored semen adhering to industry standards assessed through routine analysis, yet fertility inconsistencies highlight the need for enhanced semen evaluation. Over 10-day storage at 17 \u00b0C, boar semen samples were analyzed for motility, morphology, sperm membrane integrity, apoptosis, and oxidative stress indicators. Additionally, machine learning tools were employed to explore the potential of Raman and near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy in enhancing semen sample evaluation. Sperm motility and morphology gradually decreased during storage, with distinct groups categorized as \u201cGood\u201d or \u201cPoor\u201d survival semen according to motility on Day 7 of storage. Initially similar on Day 0 of semen collection, \u201cPoor\u201d samples revealed significantly lower total motility (21.69 \u00b1 4.64% vs. 80.19 \u00b1 1.42%), progressive motility (4.74 \u00b1 1.71% vs. 39.73 \u00b1 2.57%), and normal morphology (66.43 \u00b1 2.60% vs. 87.91 \u00b1 1.92%) than their \u201cGood\u201d counterparts by Day 7, using a computer-assisted sperm analyzer. Furthermore, \u201cPoor\u201d samples had higher levels of apoptotic cells, membrane damage, and intracellular reactive oxygen species on Day 0. Conversely, \u201cGood\u201d samples maintained higher total antioxidant capacity. Raman spectroscopy outperformed NIR, providing distinctive spectral profiles aligned with semen biochemical changes and enabling the prediction of semen survival during storage. Overall, the spectral profiles coupled with machine learning tools might assist in enhancing semen evaluation and prognosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology13100763","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,26]],"date-time":"2024-09-26T08:20:52Z","timestamp":1727338852000},"page":"763","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Predicting Boar Sperm Survival during Liquid Storage Using Vibrational Spectroscopic Techniques"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5450-7518","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Serge L.","family":"Kameni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39759, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bryan","family":"Semon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39759, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9653-9814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li-Dunn","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Plant Pathology, and Entomology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39759, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3644-6576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Notsile H.","family":"Dlamini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39759, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0430-7256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gombojav O.","family":"Ariunbold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39759, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8466-6077","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carrie K.","family":"Vance-Kouba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Plant Pathology, and Entomology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39759, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1376-5059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean M.","family":"Feugang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39759, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1002\/mrd.22840","article-title":"Artificial Insemination with Frozen-Thawed Boar Sperm","volume":"84","author":"Yeste","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. 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