{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T23:13:44Z","timestamp":1788909224087,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]],"date-time":"2024-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bipolar disorder (BPD) is a serious psychiatric condition that is characterized by the frequent shifting of mood patterns, ranging from manic to depressive episodes. Although there are already treatment strategies that aim at regulating the manifestations of this disorder, its etiology remains unclear and continues to be a question of interest within the scientific community. The development of RNA sequencing techniques has provided newer and better approaches to studying disorders at the transcriptomic level. Hence, using RNA-seq data, we employed intramodular connectivity analysis and network pharmacology assessment of disease-associated variants to elucidate the biological pathways underlying the complex nature of BPD. This study was intended to characterize the expression profiles obtained from three regions in the brain, which are the nucleus accumbens (nAcc), the anterior cingulate cortex (AnCg), and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), provide insights into the specific roles of these regions in the onset of the disorder, and present potential targets for drug design and development. The nAcc was found to be highly associated with genes responsible for the deregulated transcription of neurotransmitters, while the DLPFC was greatly correlated with genes involved in the impairment of components crucial in neurotransmission. The AnCg did show association with some of the expressions, but the relationship was not as strong as the other two regions. Furthermore, disease-associated variants or single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified among the significant genes in BPD, which suggests the genetic interrelatedness of such a disorder and other mental illnesses. DRD2, GFRA2, and DCBLD1 were the genes with disease-associated variants expressed in the nAcc; ST8SIA2 and ADAMTS16 were the genes with disease-associated variants expressed in the AnCg; and FOXO3, ITGA9, CUBN, PLCB4, and RORB were the genes with disease-associated variants expressed in the DLPFC. Aside from unraveling the molecular and cellular mechanisms behind the expression of BPD, this investigation was envisioned to propose a new research pipeline in studying the transcriptome of psychiatric disorders to support and improve existing studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology13100787","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]],"date-time":"2024-09-30T10:00:47Z","timestamp":1727690447000},"page":"787","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Codes between Poles: Linking Transcriptomic Insights into the Neurobiology of Bipolar Disorder"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5081-9263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jon Patrick T.","family":"Garcia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical, Biological, and Materials Engineering and Sciences, Map\u00faa University, Manila 1002, Philippines"},{"name":"School of Graduate Studies, Map\u00faa University, Manila 1002, Philippines"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lemmuel L.","family":"Tayo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical, Biological, and Materials Engineering and Sciences, Map\u00faa University, Manila 1002, Philippines"},{"name":"Department of Biology, School of Health Sciences, Map\u00faa University, Makati 1200, Philippines"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s40345-023-00293-9","article-title":"Experiences that matter in bipolar disorder: A qualitative study using the capability, comfort and calm framework","volume":"11","author":"Sharp","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. 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