{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]],"date-time":"2025-12-26T03:44:50Z","timestamp":1766720690883,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,12]],"date-time":"2024-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733961600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the use of matter (carbon dioxide, nutrients, and water) and solar energy, phytoplankton produce oxygen and carbohydrates, which are transported to predators through the oceanic food web hierarchy. From the viewpoint of irreversible processes of non-equilibrium thermodynamics, oceanic photosynthesis gives a mechanistic picture of living things characterized by double sets of self-organizations supported by flows of energy and entropy discarded into the ocean environment. This produces biological, ocean circulation, and climate interactions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology13121040","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,12]],"date-time":"2024-12-12T08:36:32Z","timestamp":1733992592000},"page":"1040","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Why Does the Biosphere Interact with Earth\u2019s Climate, and How Do the Two-Way Interactions Work?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Shoichiro","family":"Nakamoto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ryukyu Perimeter Institute, 321-16 Biimata, Nago City 905-0005, Okinawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Weiner, J. (1986). Planet Earth, Bantum Books."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"American Meteorological Society (2003). Glossary of Meteorology, American Meteorological Society."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berger, A., Dickenson, R.E., and Kidson, J.W. (1989). Simulations of the Last Glacial Maximum with Atmospheric General Circulation Model Including Paleo-climatic Tracer Cycles. Understanding Climatic Change, American Geophysical Union. Geophysical Monograph.","DOI":"10.1029\/GM052"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Gourney, R.J., Foster, J., and Parkinson, C.L. (1993). Atlas of Satellite Observations Related to Global Change, Cambridge University Press. Available online: https:\/\/isulibrary.isunet.edu\/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=523."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Beniston, M. (1996). From Turbulence to Climate: Numerical Investigations of the Atmosphere with a Hierarchy of Models, Springer."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Johnson, N. (2007). Simply Complexity, One World Publications."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Page, S.E. (2011). Diversity and Complexity, Princeton University Press."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mitchell, M. (2009). Complexity, A Guided Tour, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195124415.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-84-5-617","article-title":"Potential feedback between Pacific Ocean ecosystems and interdecadal climate variations","volume":"84","author":"Miller","year":"2003","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Bohm, D. (1980). Wholeness and the Implicate Order, Routledge."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Weiszacker, C.F. (1985). Aufbau der Physik, Carl Hanser."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Ohta, Y., and Nakagawa, K. (2003, January 27\u201330). Measurement of Light-into-Heat Conversion Efficiency of Phytoplankton. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Physical Society of Japan, Okayama, Japan."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abbott, D., Davies, P.C.W., and Pati, A.K. (2008). A Quantum Origin of Life?. Quantum Aspect of Life, Imperial College Press.","DOI":"10.1142\/9781848162556"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abbott, D., Davies, P.C.W., and Pati, A.K. (2008). Ultra-fast Quantum Dynamics in Photosynthesis. Quantum Aspect of Life, Imperial College Press.","DOI":"10.1142\/9781848162556"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Weiszaker, C.F. (1991). Der Mensch in Seiner Geschichte, Carl Hanser."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Prigogine, I., and Stengeres, I. (1984). Order Out of Chaos\u2014Man\u2019s New Dialogue with Nature, Bantum Books."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Brooks, D.R., and Wiley, E.O. (1986). Evolution as Entropy, University of California Press."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Murase, M. (2000). Life as History, Kyoto University Press. (Japanese book, entitled as \u201cRekishi toshiteno seimei\u201d including English section)."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Kinjo, Y. (2013). Analysis of Plant Signal, Indicatives of Living Plant\u2019s Physiology. [Bachelor\u2019s Thesis, Okinawa College of Technology, National Institute of Technology]."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klafter, J., and Sokolov, I.M. (2011). First Steps in Random Walk, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199234868.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Herpmann, R. (2014). Fractional Calculus, An Introduction for Physicists, World Science.","DOI":"10.1142\/8934"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Nicolis, G., and Prpigogine, I. (1989). Exploring Complexity, W.H. Freeman and Company."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gates, D.M. (1980). Biophysical Ecology, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-6024-0"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kirk, J.O. (1994). Light & Photosynthesis in Aquatic Ecosystems, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511623370"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Mobley, C.D. (1994). Light and Water, Radiative transfer in Natural Waters, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14648","DOI":"10.1029\/JC092iC13p14648","article-title":"On the parameterization of irradiance for open ocean photo-processes","volume":"92","author":"Siegel","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8193","DOI":"10.1029\/JC093iC07p08193","article-title":"Thermodynamic\u2014Biological\u2014Optical Coupling in the Oceanic Mixed Layer","volume":"93","author":"Simonot","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"1","article-title":"Theoretical proof of the existence of characteristic diffuse light in natural waters","volume":"18","author":"Preisdendorfer","year":"1958","journal-title":"J. Mar. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/0146-6291(78)90623-9","article-title":"Available, usable, and stored radiant energy in relation to marine photosynthesis","volume":"25","author":"Morel","year":"1978","journal-title":"Deep Sea Res."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Craknell, A.P., and Reidel, D. (1983). Light emerging from the sea\u2014Interpretation and uses in Remote Sensing. Remote Sensing Applications in Marine Science and Technology, Springer. Available online: https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-94-009-7163-9_16."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1989.34.8.1614","article-title":"Use of the radiance distribution to measure the optical absorption coefficient in the ocean","volume":"34","author":"Voss","year":"1989","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1989.34.8.1623","article-title":"The measurement and penetration of ultraviolet radiation into tropical marine water","volume":"34","author":"Fleischmann","year":"1989","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1989.34.8.1739","article-title":"Bio-optical inferences from chlorophyll a fluorescence: What kind of fluorescence is measured in flow cytometry?","volume":"34","author":"Neale","year":"1989","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1989.34.8.1749","article-title":"Chlorophyll fluorescence from single cells: Interpretation of flow cytometric signals","volume":"34","author":"Sosik","year":"1989","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Begon, M., Harper, J.L., and Townsend, C.R. (1996). Ecology: Individuals, Populations, and Communities, Black Science Ltd."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0485(1985)015<1625:TSSISE>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The Sulu Sea Internal Soliton Experiment","volume":"15","author":"Apel","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Turner, J.S. (1973). Buoyancy Effects in Fluids, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511608827"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Apel, J.R. (1987). Principle of Ocean Physics, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Osborne, A.R. (2010). Nonlinear Ocean Waves, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Levi, D. (1991). Nonlinear Internal Solitary Waves in Straits with Varying Width and Depth. Nonlinear Topic in Ocean Physics, Proceedings of the International School of Physics \u201cEnrico Feermi\u201d, Elsevier Science Publishers. Course CVIX."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Kantha, L., and Clayson, C.A. (2000). Small Scale Processes in Geophysical Fluid Flows, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Filonov, A. (2023). Dynamics of Internal Gravity Waves off The Pacific Coast of Mexico, Eliva Press Global Ltd."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Massel, S.R. (2015). Internal Gravity Waves in the Shallow Seas, Springer Nature.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-18908-6_2"},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Cramer, F. (1988). Chaos und Ordnung: Die Komplexe Struktur des Lebendigen, Deutsch Verlags-Anstalt."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"May, R. (1973). Stability and Complexity in Model Ecosystem, Princeton University Press."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"27","article-title":"Chaos and the dynamics of biological populations","volume":"413","author":"Gottifredi","year":"1987","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. London. Ser. A. Math. Phys. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.2307\/1940449","article-title":"The Indeterminacy of Ecological Interactions as Perceived Through Perturbation Experiments","volume":"69","author":"Yodzis","year":"1988","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1038\/289674a0","article-title":"The stability of real ecosystems","volume":"289","author":"Yodzis","year":"1981","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Arnold, V.I., Atiyah, M., Lax, P., and Mazur, B. (2003). Real World Turbulence and Modern Applied Mathematics. Mathematics: Frontier and Perspectives, Springer."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Bras, R.L., and Rodriguez-Iturbe, I. (1984). Random Functions and Hydrology, Addison Wesley."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pruppacher, H.R., and Klett, J.K. (1978). Microphysics of Clouds and Precipitation, D. Reidel Publications.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-9905-3"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.5194\/npg-1-57-1994","article-title":"Lagrangian drifter paths and length scales in the tropical Pacific warm pool from 1990 to 1991: With application of fractal techniques","volume":"1","author":"Nakamoto","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nonlinear Process. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"149","article-title":"Long term memory in ocean diffusion process in the west coast of India","volume":"8","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1029\/2004EO380002","article-title":"Is Global Warming Injecting Randomness into the Climate system?","volume":"85","author":"Tsonis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. Geophys. Union"},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Casti, J.L. (1995). Complexification: Explaining A Paradoxical World Through the Science of Surprise, Harper Perennial."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corrsin, S. (1974). Limitations of Gradient Transport Models in Random Walks and Turbulence, in Turbulent Diffusion in Environmental Pollution, Advances in Geophysics, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2687(08)60451-3"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2810458","article-title":"Elements of Differentiable Dynamics and Bifurcation","volume":"43","author":"Ruelle","year":"1990","journal-title":"Theory Phys. Today"}],"container-title":["Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-7737\/13\/12\/1040\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T09:14:40Z","timestamp":1760433280000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-7737\/13\/12\/1040"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,12]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["biology13121040"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biology13121040","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-7737"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2079-7737"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,12]]}}}