{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T19:33:50Z","timestamp":1790019230644,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":226,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]],"date-time":"2025-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737504000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Intramural Research Program of the NIDDK, NIH","award":["DK05-3101-29"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DK05-3101-29"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The p21-activated kinases (PAKs) are a conserved family of serine\/threonine protein kinases, which are effectors for the Rho family GTPases, namely, Rac\/Cdc42. PAKs are divided into two groups: group I (PAK1\u20133) and group II (PAK4\u20136). Both groups of PAKs have been well studied in apoptosis, protein synthesis, glucose homeostasis, growth (proliferation and survival) and cytoskeletal regulation, as well as in cell motility, proliferation and cycle control. However, little is known about the role of PAKs in the secretory tissues, including in exocrine tissue, such as the exocrine pancreas (except for islet function and pancreatic cancer growth). Recent studies have provided insights supporting the importance of PAKs in exocrine pancreas. This review summarizes the recent insights into the importance of PAKs in the exocrine pancreas by reviewing their presence and activation; the ability of GI hormones\/neurotransmitters\/GFs\/post-receptor activators to activate them; the kinetics of their activation; the participation of exocrine-tissue PAKs in activating the main growth-signaling cascade; their roles in the stimulation of enzyme secretion; finally, their roles in pancreatitis. These insights suggest that PAKs could be more important in exocrine\/secretory tissues than currently appreciated and that their roles should be explored in more detail in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology14020113","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]],"date-time":"2025-01-22T09:52:20Z","timestamp":1737539540000},"page":"113","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The Important Role of p21-Activated Kinases in Pancreatic Exocrine Function"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9756-836X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irene","family":"Ramos-Alvarez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20812-1804, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert T.","family":"Jensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20812-1804, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2016.12.014","article-title":"Structure, biochemistry, and biology of PAK kinases","volume":"605","author":"Kumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e28003","DOI":"10.4161\/sgtp.28003","article-title":"P21 activated kinases: Structure, regulation, and functions","volume":"5","author":"Rane","year":"2014","journal-title":"Small GTPases"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-022-04618-2","article-title":"Rho family GTPase signaling through type II p21-activated kinases","volume":"79","author":"Chetty","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Mol. 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