{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T21:13:41Z","timestamp":1762982021743,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]],"date-time":"2025-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738540800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["32270536","32371563","[2022] No. 6","2021k-5","2022k-7","2023k-38","2023k-45","2024P-02","2023-YBNY-13","2024JC-YBQN-0242","2024JC-YWGCZ-05","2021M702653","2024T170731","CEPFQS202169-11","23RKYJ0034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32270536","32371563","[2022] No. 6","2021k-5","2022k-7","2023k-38","2023k-45","2024P-02","2023-YBNY-13","2024JC-YBQN-0242","2024JC-YWGCZ-05","2021M702653","2024T170731","CEPFQS202169-11","23RKYJ0034"]}]},{"name":"Shaanxi Special Support Plan for High-level Talents","award":["32270536","32371563","[2022] No. 6","2021k-5","2022k-7","2023k-38","2023k-45","2024P-02","2023-YBNY-13","2024JC-YBQN-0242","2024JC-YWGCZ-05","2021M702653","2024T170731","CEPFQS202169-11","23RKYJ0034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32270536","32371563","[2022] No. 6","2021k-5","2022k-7","2023k-38","2023k-45","2024P-02","2023-YBNY-13","2024JC-YBQN-0242","2024JC-YWGCZ-05","2021M702653","2024T170731","CEPFQS202169-11","23RKYJ0034"]}]},{"name":"Special Foundation of Shaanxi Academy of Sciences, China","award":["32270536","32371563","[2022] No. 6","2021k-5","2022k-7","2023k-38","2023k-45","2024P-02","2023-YBNY-13","2024JC-YBQN-0242","2024JC-YWGCZ-05","2021M702653","2024T170731","CEPFQS202169-11","23RKYJ0034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32270536","32371563","[2022] No. 6","2021k-5","2022k-7","2023k-38","2023k-45","2024P-02","2023-YBNY-13","2024JC-YBQN-0242","2024JC-YWGCZ-05","2021M702653","2024T170731","CEPFQS202169-11","23RKYJ0034"]}]},{"name":"Shaanxi Key Research and Development Program","award":["32270536","32371563","[2022] No. 6","2021k-5","2022k-7","2023k-38","2023k-45","2024P-02","2023-YBNY-13","2024JC-YBQN-0242","2024JC-YWGCZ-05","2021M702653","2024T170731","CEPFQS202169-11","23RKYJ0034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32270536","32371563","[2022] No. 6","2021k-5","2022k-7","2023k-38","2023k-45","2024P-02","2023-YBNY-13","2024JC-YBQN-0242","2024JC-YWGCZ-05","2021M702653","2024T170731","CEPFQS202169-11","23RKYJ0034"]}]},{"name":"Shaanxi Provincial Field Observation &amp; Research Station for Golden Monkey, Giant Panda and Biodiversity","award":["32270536","32371563","[2022] No. 6","2021k-5","2022k-7","2023k-38","2023k-45","2024P-02","2023-YBNY-13","2024JC-YBQN-0242","2024JC-YWGCZ-05","2021M702653","2024T170731","CEPFQS202169-11","23RKYJ0034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32270536","32371563","[2022] No. 6","2021k-5","2022k-7","2023k-38","2023k-45","2024P-02","2023-YBNY-13","2024JC-YBQN-0242","2024JC-YWGCZ-05","2021M702653","2024T170731","CEPFQS202169-11","23RKYJ0034"]}]},{"name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","award":["32270536","32371563","[2022] No. 6","2021k-5","2022k-7","2023k-38","2023k-45","2024P-02","2023-YBNY-13","2024JC-YBQN-0242","2024JC-YWGCZ-05","2021M702653","2024T170731","CEPFQS202169-11","23RKYJ0034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32270536","32371563","[2022] No. 6","2021k-5","2022k-7","2023k-38","2023k-45","2024P-02","2023-YBNY-13","2024JC-YBQN-0242","2024JC-YWGCZ-05","2021M702653","2024T170731","CEPFQS202169-11","23RKYJ0034"]}]},{"name":"Meituan Qingshan Public Welfare Special Fund of China Environmental Protection Fund","award":["32270536","32371563","[2022] No. 6","2021k-5","2022k-7","2023k-38","2023k-45","2024P-02","2023-YBNY-13","2024JC-YBQN-0242","2024JC-YWGCZ-05","2021M702653","2024T170731","CEPFQS202169-11","23RKYJ0034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32270536","32371563","[2022] No. 6","2021k-5","2022k-7","2023k-38","2023k-45","2024P-02","2023-YBNY-13","2024JC-YBQN-0242","2024JC-YWGCZ-05","2021M702653","2024T170731","CEPFQS202169-11","23RKYJ0034"]}]},{"name":"Xi\u2019an Science and Technology Plan","award":["32270536","32371563","[2022] No. 6","2021k-5","2022k-7","2023k-38","2023k-45","2024P-02","2023-YBNY-13","2024JC-YBQN-0242","2024JC-YWGCZ-05","2021M702653","2024T170731","CEPFQS202169-11","23RKYJ0034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32270536","32371563","[2022] No. 6","2021k-5","2022k-7","2023k-38","2023k-45","2024P-02","2023-YBNY-13","2024JC-YBQN-0242","2024JC-YWGCZ-05","2021M702653","2024T170731","CEPFQS202169-11","23RKYJ0034"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a severe psychiatric disorder, affecting approximately 25\u201335% of individuals exposed to significant psychological trauma. Despite extensive research, the underlying biological mechanisms of PTSD remain poorly understood, and the effectiveness of trauma-focused psychotherapeutic interventions is limited. To date, animal studies investigating trauma responses have primarily relied on rodent models, with the potential contributions of non-human primates relatively neglected. In this study, matched-control observations were employed to examine maternal caregiving behaviors, prosocial interactions, and responses to alarm calls in free-ranging golden snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana) before and after an infanticide event. Results indicated a significant decrease in prosocial behaviors among some mothers, accompanied by significant increases in caregiving behaviors, heightened responsiveness to alarm calls, and indications of low mood. These findings provide evidence of trauma-related behavioral changes in golden snub-nosed monkeys, underscoring their utility as a model for studying PTSD given the similarity to trauma responses observed in humans. Overall, this study provides a foundation for further investigation into the evolutionary and biological aspects of PTSD, as well as the interactions between species-specific trauma responses. Future research should explore the use of non-human primate models to deepen our understanding of PTSD mechanisms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology14020156","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]],"date-time":"2025-02-03T09:35:07Z","timestamp":1738575307000},"page":"156","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Golden Snub-Nosed Monkeys: Potential Primate Paradigm in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Research"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8132-3626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haitao","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaanxi Provincial Field Observation & Research Station for Golden Monkey, Giant Panda and Biodiversity, Shaanxi Institute of Zoology, Xi\u2019an 710032, China"},{"name":"Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi\u2019an 710069, China"},{"name":"The School of Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100091, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaanxi Provincial Field Observation & Research Station for Golden Monkey, Giant Panda and Biodiversity, Shaanxi Institute of Zoology, Xi\u2019an 710032, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiaxuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Management, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nianlong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi\u2019an 710069, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenhui","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi\u2019an 710069, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chengliang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaanxi Provincial Field Observation & Research Station for Golden Monkey, Giant Panda and Biodiversity, Shaanxi Institute of Zoology, Xi\u2019an 710032, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Baoguo","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaanxi Provincial Field Observation & Research Station for Golden Monkey, Giant Panda and Biodiversity, Shaanxi Institute of Zoology, Xi\u2019an 710032, China"},{"name":"Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi\u2019an 710069, China"},{"name":"College of Life Science, Yanan University, Yanan 710032, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2020.20010055","article-title":"Translating across circuits and genetics toward progress in fear- and anxiety-related disorders","volume":"177","author":"Ressler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"100586","article-title":"Injury, illness, and emotion: A review of the motivational continuumfrom trauma through recovery from an ecological perspective","volume":"27","author":"Harvey","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2014.03.028","article-title":"Subthreshold posttraumatic stress disorder in the world health organization world mental health surveys","volume":"77","author":"McLaughlin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291716003263","article-title":"The association between childhood adversities and subsequent first onset of psychotic experiences: A cross-national analysis of 23,998 respondents from 17 countries","volume":"47","author":"McGrath","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1177\/1089268019857936","article-title":"Feeling hurt: Revisiting the relationship between social and physical pain","volume":"23","author":"Ferris","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Gen. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2021.110574","article-title":"High prevalence of somatisation in ICD-11 complex PTSD: A cross sectional cohort study","volume":"148","author":"Wright","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2024.101480","article-title":"Effects of early maternal care on anxiety and threat learning in adolescent nonhuman primates","volume":"71","author":"Morin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dev. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pharmtox-010818-021701","article-title":"The neurobiology and pharmacotherapy of posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"59","author":"Abdallah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1729633","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2020.1729633","article-title":"Psychological therapies for post-traumatic stress disorder in adults: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Lewis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Psychotraumatol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2015.03.021","article-title":"Electrophysiological endophenotypes in rodent models of schizophrenia and psychosis","volume":"77","author":"Rosen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-018-0039-7","article-title":"Brain circuit dysfunction in post-traumatic stress disorder: From mouse to man","volume":"19","author":"Fenster","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, H.T., Li, J.X., Wang, Y., Li, N.L., Pan, R., and Li, B.G. (2024). A Unique Case of Adoption in Golden Snub-Nosed Monkeys. Animals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14213075"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5296","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms6296","article-title":"Satellite telemetry and social modeling offer new insights into the origin of primate multilevel societies","volume":"5","author":"Qi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabl8621","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abl8621","article-title":"Adaptations to a cold climate promoted social evolution in Asian colobine primates","volume":"380","author":"Qi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/s10764-016-9892-2","article-title":"Male Infanticide in the Golden Snub-Nosed Monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellana), a Seasonally Breeding Primate","volume":"37","author":"Yao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Primatol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1093\/cz\/zoad007","article-title":"Infanticide in golden snub-nosed monkeys with multilevel society","volume":"70","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Zool."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"177","article-title":"Carrying of dead infants by golden snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellanna) in the Qinling Mountains","volume":"36","author":"Guo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Theriol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1093\/beheco\/arac022","article-title":"Female countertactics to male feticide and infanticide in a multilevel primate society","volume":"33","author":"Xiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Behav. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"26","article-title":"Diurnal activity budgets of the Sichuan snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellanna) in the Qinling Mountains of China","volume":"26","author":"Lv","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Theriol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.20480","article-title":"Reproductive parameters of wild female Rhinopithecus roxellanna","volume":"70","author":"Qi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Primatol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.22254","article-title":"Males collectively defend their one-male units against bachelor males in a multi level primate society","volume":"76","author":"Xiang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Primatol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1093\/cz\/zov002","article-title":"Postconflict behavior among Rhinopithecus roxellana leader males in the Qinling Mountain, China","volume":"62","author":"Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Zool."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1093\/cz\/zoab072","article-title":"Sexual interference and allomaternal behavior as predictors of rank recognition in female golden snub-nosed monkeys","volume":"67","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Zool."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-022-00635-8","article-title":"Post-traumatic stress disorder: Clinical and translational neuroscience from cells to circuits","volume":"18","author":"Ressler","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.24272\/j.issn.2095-8137.2018.035","article-title":"Female choice impacts residential male takeover in golden snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana)","volume":"39","author":"Fang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Zool Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bse.2016.07.014","article-title":"Diversity at two genetic loci associated with the major histocompatibility complex in the golden snub-nosed monkey","volume":"68","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochem. Syst. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.118.301592","article-title":"Performing parentage analysis in the presence of inbreeding and null alleles","volume":"210","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"154","article-title":"Links Between Human and Animal Models of Trauma and Psychosis: A Narrative Review","volume":"6","author":"Tryon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry Cogn. Neurosci. Neuroimaging"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stevens, L., Bregulla, M., and Scheele, D. (2024). Out of touch? How trauma shapes the experience of social touch\u2014Neural and endocrine pathways. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 159.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2024.105595"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1093\/cz\/zoaa006","article-title":"Bachelor groups in primates multilevel society facilitate gene flow across fragmented habitats","volume":"66","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Zool."}],"container-title":["Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-7737\/14\/2\/156\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:26:17Z","timestamp":1760027177000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-7737\/14\/2\/156"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["biology14020156"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biology14020156","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-7737"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2079-7737"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]]}}}