{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T21:48:51Z","timestamp":1783547331348,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]],"date-time":"2025-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738627200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia","award":["FRGS\/1\/2018\/SKK08\/UPM\/02\/6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRGS\/1\/2018\/SKK08\/UPM\/02\/6"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia","award":["5540114"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5540114"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>IMC has been reported to influence embryo implantation negatively in animals including rats. While EBN has been known to have a potential protective effect against reproductive toxicity, there is limited study on the effect of EBN on IMC toxicity in reproduction. This study aimed to ascertain whether pretreatment with a natural substance, Edible Bird\u2019s Nest (EBN), will reduce IMC-induced toxicity in pregnant rats. Thirty Sprague-Dawley rats divided into five equal groups were treated with EBN and IMC as follows: G1 = Control, G2 = IMC (4.33 mg\/kg), G3 = IMC + EBN (4.33 mg\/kg + 60 mg\/kg), G4 = IMC + EBN (4.33 mg\/kg + 90 mg\/kg), and G5 = IMC + EBN (4.33 mg\/kg +120 mg\/kg). EBN was administered once daily for 8 weeks while IMC was injected subcutaneously. On day 8 after mating, all rats were sacrificed for blood sampling and embryo implantation rate (EIR) assessment; the uterine tissues were also subjected to immunohistochemical and histological analyses. G5 recorded significantly higher EIR, fertility index, and expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in the uterine section, across stroma cells, the glandular epithelium, and the luminal epithelium compared to control and other groups. IMC-induced inflammatory alterations, endometrial atrophy, vacuolar degeneration, and atrophy were not detected in uterine tissue sections in G4 and G5, with the latter group demonstrating the highest EIR with protective effects on uterine tissues. Thus, EBN supplementation might be of great benefit in guarding the fertility of individuals who depend on IMC for the treatment of chronic inflammatory illness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology14020159","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]],"date-time":"2025-02-04T05:13:43Z","timestamp":1738646023000},"page":"159","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Edible Bird\u2019s Nest (EBN) Ameliorates the Effects of Indomethacin (IMC)-Induced Embryo Implantation Dysfunction in Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Maria","family":"Amir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia"},{"name":"Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Ziauddin University, Karachi 75600, Sindh, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3766-8971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nurhusien","family":"Yimer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Medicine, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, East Java, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Hiew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4746-7180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md Sabri Mohd","family":"Yusoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7226-7503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sadiq Mohammed","family":"Babatunde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Farm and Exotic Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdul","family":"Quddus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Science, Lasbela University of Agriculture Water and Marine Science, Uthal 90150, Balochistan, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/ioac135","article-title":"Efficient cell chatting between embryo and uterus ensures embryo implantation","volume":"107","author":"Deng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biol. 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