{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:35:11Z","timestamp":1787027711731,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":162,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,8]],"date-time":"2025-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738972800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010751","name":"FONDECYT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["11231072"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11231072"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010751","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Agencia Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo (ANID) of the Chilean government","award":["11231072"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11231072"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Breast cancer (BC) remains a significant global health challenge, highlighting the need for continued research into novel risk factors, diagnostic approaches, and personalized treatments. Among emerging risk factors, viral infections have been implicated as potential contributors to breast carcinogenesis and BC progression. Recent evidence suggests that specific oncogenic strains of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) may have the capacity to transform human mammary epithelial cells. This review assesses clinical data regarding HCMV presence in both tumor and non-tumor breast tissues, examining the role of HCMV oncoproteins in BC development and progression. Current findings indicate a higher prevalence of HCMV infection in breast carcinomas compared to non-tumor tissues, associated with an elevated risk of BC. Additionally, the HCMV-driven breast carcinogenesis model proposed here suggests that HCMV oncoproteins may activate multiple oncogenic pathways, fostering cell proliferation, survival, and tumor development. A deeper understanding of the role of HCMV in BC could enhance risk stratification and support the creation of targeted therapeutic strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology14020174","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]],"date-time":"2025-02-10T04:44:03Z","timestamp":1739162643000},"page":"174","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Human Cytomegalovirus Infection and Breast Cancer: A Literature Review of Clinical and Experimental Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5744-3211","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ranc\u00e9s","family":"Blanco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher, La Florida 8240000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan P.","family":"Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Bioqu\u00edmica, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Tarapac\u00e1, Arica 1000007, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21834","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"74","author":"Bray","year":"2024","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. 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