{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T10:24:40Z","timestamp":1783592680804,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]],"date-time":"2025-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741219200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Austrian Research Promotion Agency","award":["#852748"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#852748"]}]},{"name":"Austrian Research Promotion Agency","award":["#862068"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#862068"]}]},{"name":"Austrian Research Promotion Agency","award":["#2343727"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2343727"]}]},{"name":"Vienna Business Agency","award":["#852748"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#852748"]}]},{"name":"Vienna Business Agency","award":["#862068"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#862068"]}]},{"name":"Vienna Business Agency","award":["#2343727"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2343727"]}]},{"name":"Aposcience AG","award":["#852748"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#852748"]}]},{"name":"Aposcience AG","award":["#862068"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#862068"]}]},{"name":"Aposcience AG","award":["#2343727"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2343727"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Burn injuries often lead to severe complications, including acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), driven in part by systemic inflammation and glycocalyx disruption. In this study, we analyzed the sera of 28 patients after burn trauma and utilized single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) along with microarray transcriptomic analysis to decipher the impact of burn injury on glycocalyx derangement. We observed the significant upregulation of immune cell-derived degrading enzymes, particularly matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP8), which correlated with increased immune cell infiltration and glycocalyx derangement. Serum analyses of burn patients revealed significantly elevated levels of shed glycocalyx components and MMP8, both correlating with the presence of inhalation injury. Consequently, the treatment of human in vitro lung tissue models with MMP8 induced significant glycocalyx shedding in alveolar epithelial cells. Together, based on these findings, we propose that MMP8 plays a previously unrecognized role in glycocalyx disruption and subsequent lung injury post-burn, which implies that inhibiting MMP8 may represent a promising therapeutic strategy for alleviating lung injury after burn trauma.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology14030269","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]],"date-time":"2025-03-06T06:02:13Z","timestamp":1741240933000},"page":"269","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Burn-Related Glycocalyx Derangement and the Emerging Role of MMP8 in Syndecan Shedding"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8797-5840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hannes","family":"K\u00fchtreiber","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery, Applied Immunology Laboratory, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Aposcience AG, 1200 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Comprehensive Center for Chest Diseases, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Bormann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery, Applied Immunology Laboratory, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Aposcience AG, 1200 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Comprehensive Center for Chest Diseases, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melanie","family":"Salek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aposcience AG, 1200 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Auer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery, Applied Immunology Laboratory, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Aposcience AG, 1200 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Haider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caterina Selina","family":"Mildner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery, Applied Immunology Laboratory, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie-Therese","family":"Lingitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of General Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7787-991X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clemens","family":"Aigner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery, Applied Immunology Laboratory, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Comprehensive Center for Chest Diseases, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Radtke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2185-4895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Zimpfer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hendrik Jan","family":"Ankersmit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery, Applied Immunology Laboratory, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Aposcience AG, 1200 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Comprehensive Center for Chest Diseases, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6892-925X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Mildner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Association, A.B. (2019). National Burn Repository 2019 Update: Report of Data from 2009 to 2018, American Burn Association."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1186\/cc9300","article-title":"Severe Burn Injury in Europe: A Systematic Review of the Incidence, Etiology, Morbidity, and Mortality","volume":"14","author":"Brusselaers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-0145-5","article-title":"Burn Injury","volume":"6","author":"Jeschke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primer"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1111\/acem.13333","article-title":"Fluid Resuscitation in Patients with Severe Burns: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"25","author":"Kao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acad. Emerg. Med. Off. J. Soc. Acad. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Staud, C.J., Resch, A., Christ, A., Borger, A., Zaussinger, M., Teufelsbauer, M., Worel, N., and Radtke, C. (2023). Skin Bank Establishment in Treatment of Severe Burn Injuries: Overview and Experience with Skin Allografts at the Vienna Burn Center. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12144717"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2018.08.004","article-title":"Rehabilitation of Burn Injuries: An Update","volume":"30","author":"Young","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Rehabil. Clin."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sierawska, O., Ma\u0142kowska, P., Taskin, C., Hrynkiewicz, R., Mertowska, P., Grywalska, E., Korzeniowski, T., Torres, K., Surowiecka, A., and Nied\u017awiedzka-Rystwej, P. (2022). Innate Immune System Response to Burn Damage\u2014Focus on Cytokine Alteration. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23020716"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patbio.2009.12.001","article-title":"La Br\u00fblure: Une Pathologie Inflammatoire","volume":"59","author":"Ravat","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pathol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2079","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2018-0042","article-title":"Increased Serum Concentrations of Soluble ST2 Predict Mortality after Burn Injury","volume":"56","author":"Hacker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Chem. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laggner, M., Lingitz, M.-T., Copic, D., Direder, M., Klas, K., Bormann, D., Gugerell, A., Moser, B., Radtke, C., and Hacker, S. (2022). Severity of Thermal Burn Injury Is Associated with Systemic Neutrophil Activation. Sci. Rep., 12.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-05768-w"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.150.1.8025736","article-title":"Evolution of Bronchoalveolar Cell Populations in the Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome","volume":"150","author":"Steinberg","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scozzi, D., Liao, F., Krupnick, A.S., Kreisel, D., and Gelman, A.E. (2022). The Role of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Acute Lung Injury. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.953195"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0000000000000404","article-title":"Burn-Evoked Reactive Oxygen Species Immediately After Injury Are Crucial to Restore the Neutrophil Function Against Postburn Infection in Mice","volume":"44","author":"Miyazaki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s40560-021-00543-x","article-title":"A Longitudinal Change of Syndecan-1 Predicts Risk of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Cumulative Fluid Balance in Patients with Septic Shock: A Preliminary Study","volume":"9","author":"Kajita","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Intensive Care"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ochs, M., Hegermann, J., Lopez-Rodriguez, E., Timm, S., Nouailles, G., Matuszak, J., Simmons, S., Witzenrath, M., and Kuebler, W.M. (2020). On Top of the Alveolar Epithelium: Surfactant and the Glycocalyx. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21093075"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.17786","article-title":"Elevation of Neutrophil-Derived Factors in Patients after Multiple Trauma","volume":"27","author":"Lingitz","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11421","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)38413-3","article-title":"Human Neutrophil Collagenase. A Distinct Gene Product with Homology to Other Matrix Metalloproteinases","volume":"265","author":"Hasty","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, B., Chenru, W., Jiang, Y., Hu, L., Fang, H., Zhu, F., Yu, Q., Zhu, B., Wu, G., and Sun, Y. (2021). Incidence and Mortality of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Patients With Burns: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.709642"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2016.01.031","article-title":"The Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) in Mechanically Ventilated Burn Patients: An Analysis of Risk Factors, Clinical Features, and Outcomes Using the Berlin ARDS Definition","volume":"42","author":"Cartotto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Burns"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cps.2017.02.009","article-title":"INHALATION INJURY: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment","volume":"44","author":"Jones","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.01.006","article-title":"Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Mechanical Ventilation, and Inhalation Injury in Burn Patients","volume":"103","author":"Bittner","year":"2023","journal-title":"Surg. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C799","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00555.2022","article-title":"The Role of the Alveolar Epithelial Glycocalyx in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome","volume":"324","author":"Rizzo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12465","article-title":"The Glycocalyx and Its Significance in Human Medicine","volume":"280","author":"Tarbell","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-020-00697-1","article-title":"Role of Albumin in the Preservation of Endothelial Glycocalyx Integrity and the Microcirculation: A Review","volume":"10","author":"Aldecoa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Intensive Care"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2320","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.12174","article-title":"Mapping of Matrix Metalloproteinase Cleavage Sites on Syndecan-1 and Syndecan-4 Ectodomains","volume":"280","author":"Multhaupt","year":"2013","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qu, J., Cheng, Y., Wu, W., Yuan, L., and Liu, X. (2021). Glycocalyx Impairment in Vascular Disease: Focus on Inflammation. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.730621"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.ctm.2018.08.005","article-title":"The Pulmonary Endothelial Glycocalyx in ARDS: A Critical Role for Heparan Sulfate","volume":"82","author":"Schmidt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Membr."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-017-0325-y","article-title":"Endothelial Glycocalyx Degradation Is More Severe in Patients with Non-Pulmonary Sepsis Compared to Pulmonary Sepsis and Associates with Risk of ARDS and Other Organ Dysfunction","volume":"7","author":"Murphy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Intensive Care"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e154573","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.154573","article-title":"Alveolar Epithelial Glycocalyx Degradation Mediates Surfactant Dysfunction and Contributes to Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome","volume":"7","author":"Rizzo","year":"2022","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-14172-4","article-title":"Regulation of Heterotopic Ossification by Monocytes in a Mouse Model of Aberrant Wound Healing","volume":"11","author":"Sorkin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-023-01767-y","article-title":"Dictionary Learning for Integrative, Multimodal and Scalable Single-Cell Analysis","volume":"42","author":"Hao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Finak, G., McDavid, A., Yajima, M., Deng, J., Gersuk, V., Shalek, A.K., Slichter, C.K., Miller, H.W., McElrath, M.J., and Prlic, M. (2015). MAST: A Flexible Statistical Framework for Assessing Transcriptional Changes and Characterizing Heterogeneity in Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Data. Genome Biol., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-015-0844-5"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1846","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btm254","article-title":"GEOquery: A Bridge between the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and BioConductor","volume":"23","author":"Davis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bioinforma. Oxf. Engl."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e47","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkv007","article-title":"Limma Powers Differential Expression Analyses for RNA-Sequencing and Microarray Studies","volume":"43","author":"Ritchie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","article-title":"Controlling the False Discovery Rate: A Practical and Powerful Approach to Multiple Testing","volume":"57","author":"Benjamini","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. B Methodol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W90","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw377","article-title":"Enrichr: A Comprehensive Gene Set Enrichment Analysis Web Server 2016 Update","volume":"44","author":"Kuleshov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wickham, H. (2016). Ggplot2. Use R!, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24277-4"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blighe, K., Rana, S., and Lewis, M. (2025, March 03). EnhancedVolcano: Publication-Ready Volcano Plots with Enhanced Colouring and Labeling. Available online: https:\/\/github.com\/kevinblighe\/EnhancedVolcano.","DOI":"10.32614\/CRAN.package.ggvolcano"},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Marsh, S., Tang, M., Kozareva, V., and Graybuck, L. (2025, March 03). scCustomize: Custom Visualizations & Functions for Streamlined Analyses of Single Cell Sequencing. Available online: https:\/\/samuel-marsh.github.io\/scCustomize\/articles\/FAQ.html."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3507","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1222878110","article-title":"Genomic Responses in Mouse Models Poorly Mimic Human Inflammatory Diseases","volume":"110","author":"Seok","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2019.05.009","article-title":"Endothelial Glycocalyx Shedding in Patients with Burns","volume":"46","author":"Welling","year":"2020","journal-title":"Burns"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Butler, K.L., Ambravaneswaran, V., Agrawal, N., Bilodeau, M., Toner, M., Tompkins, R.G., Fagan, S., and Irimia, D. (2010). Burn Injury Reduces Neutrophil Directional Migration Speed in Microfluidic Devices. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0011921"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1851","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2021.02.004","article-title":"Investigation and Assessment of Neutrophil Dysfunction Early after Severe Burn Injury","volume":"47","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Burns"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1097\/00004630-199601000-00006","article-title":"Neutrophil Recruitment after Remote Scald Injury","volume":"17","author":"Stengle","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Burn Care Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-1281(99)80026-9","article-title":"Acute Lung Injury Following Thermal Insult to the Skin: A Light and Transmission Electron Microscopial Study","volume":"101","author":"Arbak","year":"1999","journal-title":"Acta Histochem."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2016-209170","article-title":"What Drives Neutrophils to the Alveoli in ARDS?","volume":"72","author":"Zemans","year":"2017","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2019.05.002","article-title":"Neutrophil Elastase Damages the Pulmonary Endothelial Glycocalyx in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Experimental Endotoxemia","volume":"189","author":"Suzuki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bj.2020.09.001","article-title":"Understanding the Role of Neutrophils in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome","volume":"44","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. J."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2017.02.001","article-title":"Chapter Two\u2014Matrix Metalloproteinases in Myocardial Infarction and Heart Failure","volume":"Volume 147","author":"Khalil","year":"2017","journal-title":"Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0607338","article-title":"Chemokine and Cytokine Processing by Matrix Metalloproteinases and Its Effect on Leukocyte Migration and Inflammation","volume":"82","author":"Libert","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tester, A.M., Cox, J.H., Connor, A.R., Starr, A.E., Dean, R.A., Puente, X.S., L\u00f3pez-Ot\u00edn, C., and Overall, C.M. (2007). LPS Responsiveness and Neutrophil Chemotaxis in Vivo Require PMN MMP-8 Activity. PLoS ONE, 2.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0000312"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.059394","article-title":"A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase 17 (ADAM17) Mediates Inflammation-Induced Shedding of Syndecan-1 and -4 by Lung Epithelial Cells","volume":"285","author":"Pruessmeyer","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.1998","article-title":"Syndecan-4 Regulates ADAMTS-5 Activation and Cartilage Breakdown in Osteoarthritis","volume":"15","author":"Echtermeyer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2017-0428OC","article-title":"Epithelial Heparan Sulfate Contributes to Alveolar Barrier Function and Is Shed during Lung Injury","volume":"59","author":"Haeger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L1198","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00063.2020","article-title":"Alveolar Heparan Sulfate Shedding Impedes Recovery from Bleomycin-Induced Lung Injury","volume":"318","author":"Liao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3537","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M807001200","article-title":"Oxidative Stress Alters Syndecan-1 Distribution in Lungs with Pulmonary Fibrosis","volume":"284","author":"Kliment","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e129359","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.129359","article-title":"Syndecan-1 Promotes Lung Fibrosis by Regulating Epithelial Reprogramming through Extracellular Vesicles","volume":"4","author":"Parimon","year":"2019","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2022.104381","article-title":"Doxycycline Can Reduce Glycocalyx Shedding by Inhibiting Matrix Metalloproteinases in Patients Undergoing Cardiopulmonary Bypass: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"142","author":"Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microvasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2014.12.022","article-title":"Intraoperative Ventilation Strategy during Cardiopulmonary Bypass Attenuates the Release of Matrix Metalloproteinases and Improves Oxygenation","volume":"195","author":"Beer","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-013-0704-2","article-title":"The Effect of Prolonged Systemic Doxycycline Therapy on Serum Tissue Degrading Proteinases in Coronary Bypass Patients: A Randomized, Double-Masked, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial","volume":"63","author":"Kormi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"178","article-title":"Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Burn Patients: Incidence and Risk Factor Analysis","volume":"29","author":"Silva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Burns Fire Disasters"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20042129","article-title":"Fibroblast Growth Factors Share Binding Sites in Heparan Sulphate","volume":"389","author":"Kreuger","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2134","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-008-9575-z","article-title":"Control of Growth Factor Networks by Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans","volume":"36","author":"Chu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34927","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.376814","article-title":"Transmembrane and Extracellular Domains of Syndecan-1 Have Distinct Functions in Regulating Lung Epithelial Migration and Adhesion","volume":"287","author":"Altemeier","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-023-04572-w","article-title":"Management of Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: A Primer","volume":"27","author":"Grotberg","year":"2023","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.21907","article-title":"Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment","volume":"319","author":"Fan","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1006\/jsre.2001.6180","article-title":"Metalloproteinase Inhibition Prevents Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome","volume":"99","author":"Carney","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L1036","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00420.2019","article-title":"Attenuation of Pulmonary Injury by an Inhaled MMP Inhibitor in the Endotoxin Lung Injury Model","volume":"319","author":"Gerber","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"143","article-title":"Antibodies Targeting the Catalytic Zinc Complex of Activated Matrix Metalloproteinases Show Therapeutic Potential","volume":"18","author":"Kikkeri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00032111","article-title":"Matrix Metalloproteinases in Acute Lung Injury: Mediators of Injury and Drivers of Repair","volume":"38","author":"Davey","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."}],"container-title":["Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-7737\/14\/3\/269\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:48:14Z","timestamp":1760028494000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-7737\/14\/3\/269"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["biology14030269"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biology14030269","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-7737"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-7737","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]]}}}